DELINQUENCY AND OPPORTUNITY A THEORY OF DELINQUENT GANGSPDF电子书下载

1 DELINQUENT SUBCULTURES 1

Deviance and Delinquency 2

Delinquent Acts and Delinquent Subcultures 7

Delinquent Norms 13

Varieties of Delinquent Subculture 20

The Distribution of Delinquent Subcultures 27

2 QUESTIONS A THEORY MUST ANSWER 31

The Origin of Pressures Toward Deviance 34

The Evolution of Delinquent Subcultures 40

Change and Persistence of Delinquent Subculutres 43

3 SOME CURRENT THEORIES OF DELINQUENT SUBCULTURES 47

Masculine Identification and Delinquent Subcultures 48

Adolescence and Delinquent Subcultures 54

Lower-class Culture and Delinquent Subcultures 65

4 GOALS, NORMS, AND ANOMIE 77

The Regulation of Goals: Durkheim 78

The Regulation of Goals and Norms: Merton 82

Success Values in American Life 86

Barriers to Legitimate Opportunity 97

Alternative Avenues to Success-Goals 104

5 THE EVOLUTION OF DELINQENT SUBCULTURES 108

The Process of Alienation 110

Collective vs. Individual Solutions 124

Techniques of Defense Against Guilt 130

The Collective ,Problem-Solving Process 139

6 ILLEGITIMATE MEANS AND DELINQUENT SUBCULTURES 144

The Availability of Illegitimate Means 145

Learning and Performance Structures 148

Differential Opportunity: A Hypothesis 150

Illegitimate Opportunities and the Social Structure of the Slum 152

Slum Organization and Subcultural Differentiation 159

7 SUBCULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION 161

The Criminal Subculture 161

The Conflict Subculture 171

The Retreatist Subculture 178

8 PERSISTENCE AND CHANGE IN DELINQUENT SUBCULTURES 187

Patterns of Persistence in Delinquent Subcultures 188

Patterns of Change in Delinquent Subcultures 193

INDEX 213