ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR LAWYERSPDF电子书下载

1. Decision Analysis 1

1. Introduction 1

2. Decision Trees 5

A. A Simple Problem 6

B. Uncertainty 7

C. Risk Aversion 10

D. Application: Settlement Negotiation 11

E. Application: Land Purchase 14

F. Generalizations 21

G. Test Your Skill 21

3. Acquiring the Necessary Information 24

A. Structure 24

B. Probabilities 25

C. Payoffs 28

4. Sensitivity Analysis 28

5. Suggestions for Further Reading 30

2. Gaines and Information 33

1. Introduction to Game Theory 33

2. Description of Games 34

3. Solving Games 40

4. Moral Hazard and Incentives 47

5. Adverse Selection 52

6. Bargaining 55

7. Suggestions for Further Reading 58

3. Contracting 61

1. Introduction 61

2. Why Contracts Are Made 62

A. Differences in Valuation 62

B. Advantages in Production 63

C. Complementarities 64

D. Borrowing and Lending 64

E. Allocation of Risk 64

F. Different Expectations 65

3. Principles and Checkpoints for Contracting 65

A. Enlarging the Contractual Pie 65

B. Incentive Issues 67

C. Uncertainty and Risk Bearing 68

D. Practical Enforceability of Contractual Conditions 69

E. Disputes and Their Resolution 70

4. Production Contracts 71

A. Incentives and Component Prices 71

B. Incentives and Component Quality 74

C. Uncertainty and Renegotiation 76

D. Uncertainty and Risk Bearing 77

E. Application: School Gymnasium 79

F. Developing Arguments in Contract Litigation 82

5. Principal and Agent Contracts 84

A. Incentives 85

B. Risk Bearing 88

C. Application: Coffee Shop Manager 90

6. Other Types of Contracts 95

A. Joint Undertakings 95

B. Sale or Lease of Property 98

C. Loan Contracts 100

7. Resolving Contractual Disputes 103

A. Contingent Provisions 103

B. Damages for Breach 105

C. Arbitration 107

8. Negotiating the Contract 108

A. Both Sides Should Understand How to Enlarge the Pie 108

B. Be Greedy but Not Too Greedy 109

9. Suggestions for Further Reading 110

4. Accounting 111

1. Introduction 111

2. Three Basic Accounting Formats 113

A. Balance Sheets 113

B. Income Statements 118

C. Summaries of Cash Flows 121

3. Double-Entry Bookkeeping and the Accountant's Frame of Reference 124

A. The Transactional Nature of Financial Statements 124

B. The Fundamentals of Double-Entry Bookkeeping 125

4. Some Fundamental Concepts 133

A. The Big Picture 133

B. The Conservative Bias of Accountants 136

C. The Matching Principle and Its (Profound) Implications 137

D. Boundary Problems 145

5. The Institutional and Legal Structure of Accounting 148

A. Institutions and the Creation of Accounting Standards 148

B. Finding Financial Statements and Related Information 151

6. The Analysis of Financial Statements 159

A. Liquidity 160

B. Solvency 161

C. Managerial Efficiency 162

D. Profitability 163

E. Earnings per Share and Price-Earnings Ratios 165

7. Suggestions for Further Reading 167

2009 Amazon.com Annual Report 168

5. Finance 209

1. Introduction 209

2. The Foundations of Financial Theory 212

A. The Theory of the Firm 212

B. The Roots of Modern Finance 221

C. The Goals of Finance 229

3. The Time Value of Money 229

A. Comparing Current Dollars to Future Dollars 230

B. Simple versus Compound Interest 232

C. Finding the Present Value of a Single Future Payment 233

D. Valuing a Stream of Future Payments 235

E. Internal Rates of Return 238

F. What Interest Rate Should You Use? 240

G. Take-Home Lessons on the Time Value of Money 243

4. Key Concepts in Corporate Finance 244

A. The Efficient Market Hypotheses 244

B. Risk and Return 250

C. The Value of Diversification 255

D. The Capital Asset Pricing Model 259

5. The Valuation of Assets 261

A. Contemporaneous Transactions Involving Substantially Similar Assets 262

B. Market Valuation Estimates Derived from Financial Statements 263

C. Discounted Cash Flow Analysis 264

6. Suggestions for Further Reading 267

Eskimo Pie Corporation 269

6. Microeconomics 283

1. Introduction 283

2. The Theory of the Competitive Market 284

A. Demand Curves 284

B. Supply Curves 293

C. Determination of Market Price and Quantity 296

D. Government Intervention in Markets 300

E. Social Welfare and the Market 303

F. Social Welfare Evaluation of Government Intervention in Competitive Markets 313

3. Imperfect Consumer Information 315

A. Importance 315

B. Problems: Inappropriate Purchases and Distorted Product Quality 316

C. Policy Responses 317

4. Monopoly and Related Market Behavior 320

A. Why Monopoly Arises 320

B. How a Monopolist Sets Price 321

C. The Principal Economic Arguments Against Monopoly 326

D. Price Discrimination 328

E. Government Policy and Monopoly 330

F. Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition 333

5. Externalities 335

A. What Are Externalities? 335

B. The Problem of Externalities: Private Behavior Is Not Socially Desirable 336

C. Resolution of Externality Problems Through Bargaining 336

D. Resolution of Externality Problems Through Markets 339

E. Resolution of Externality Problems Through Legal Rules 339

6. Public Goods 344

A. Definition 344

B. Ideal Supply 344

C. Inadequate Supply by the Private Sector 345

D. Public Provision 345

E. Qualifications 345

F. Direct Versus Indirect Public Provision 347

7. Welfare Economics 347

A. What Is Welfare Economics? 347

B. Individual Well-Being 348

C. Social Welfare 348

D. Social Welfare Maximum: Efficiency and Distribution 351

E. Social Welfare and the Market 351

F. Answers to Questions and Common Criticisms 351

8. Suggestions for Further Reading 355

7. Economic Analysis of Law 357

1. Introduction 357

A. The Economic Approach 357

B. What Distinguishes Economic from Other Analysis of Law? 359

C. History of the Economic Approach 359

2. Property Law 360

A. Definition of Property Rights 360

B. Justifications for Property Rights 361

C. Emergence of Property Rights 362

D. Division of Property Rights 364

E. Acquisition and Transfer of Property 365

F. Conflicts in the Use of Property: Externalities 368

G. Public Property 368

H. Acquisition of Public Property 368

I. Property Rights in Information 370

3. Torts 376

A. Unilateral Accidents and Levels of Care 376

B. Bilateral Accidents and Levels of Care 380

C. Unilateral Accidents, Levels of Care, and Levels of Activity 380

D. Accidents Involving Firms as Injurers 385

E. Risk Aversion, Insurance, and Liability 390

F. Liability and Administrative Costs 395

G. Economic Analysis of Tort Law versus Traditional Analysis 396

4. Contracts 396

A. Definitions and Framework of Analysis 397

B. Contract Formation 398

C. Incompleteness of Contracts 400

D. Interpretation of Contracts 401

E. Damage Measures for Breach of Contract 401

F. Specific Performance 407

G. Renegotiation 410

H. Legal Overriding of Contracts 412

I. Extralegal Means of Enforcement 413

5. Civil Litigation 414

A. Bringing of Suit 414

B. Settlement versus Trial 420

C Trial 427

6. Public Law Enforcement and Criminal Law 429

A. Basic Framework 429

B. Enforcement Given the Probability of Detection 430

C. Enforcement When the Probability of Detection Is Variable 432

D. Monetary Sanctions versus Imprisonment 434

E. Incapacitation 434

F. Criminal Law 435

7. Welfare Economics 437

A. Framework of Welfare Economics 437

B. Distributional Objectives Should Not Affect Legal Policy, Given Income Taxation 438

C. Normative Analysis Based on Notions of Fairness (Apart from the Purely Distributional) 438

D. Remarks 441

8. Criticism of Economic Analysis of Law 441

A. Inability to Predict Human Behavior and Irrationality 441

B. Indeterminacy of Recommendations 442

C. Political Bias 442

9. Suggestions for Further Reading 443

8. Fundamentals of Statistical Analysis 445

1. Descriptive Statistics 445

A. Making Sense of Data 447

B. Histograms and Frequency Distributions 447

C. Numerical Descriptors/Summaries of Distributions 457

D. The Normal Distribution 464

E. Z-Scores and the Z-Table 467

2. One-Variable Inferential Statistics 469

A. Samples and Sampling 469

B. Survey Data and Validity 472

C. Hypothesis Testing 476

D. Estimation 483

E. Statistical Significance and the Real World 484

3. Suggestions for Further Reading 486

Z-Table 487

9. Multivariate Statistics 489

1. Bivariate Statistics 489

A. Scatterplots 490

B. Linear Relationships 492

C. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient 494

D. Simple Linear Regression 501

E. Residuals 510

F. Limitations of Linear Regression 512

2. Multiple Regression 513

A. Multiple Regression and Discrimination Litigation 515

B. Things That Can Go Wrong 521

3. Suggestions for Further Reading 524

T-Table (abbreviated) 526

Glossary of Statistical Terms 527

Index 535