BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES HISTORY，POLICY，AND INTERPRETATIONPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 The Core Principles of the BITS 2

1.2 The Content of the BITS 4

1.3 The Plan of this Book 11

1.4 Citations to BITS， Awards， and Literature 14

1.5 Apologies， Alibis， and Acknowledgements 15

Chapter 2 History 19

2.1 The Colonial Era： 1820-1944 19

2.1.1 The Emergence of a Global Economy： 1820-1914 20

2.1.2 The Global Economy Collapses： 1914-1944 31

2.2 The Cold War Era： 1944-1989 38

2.3 The Global Era： 1990-Present 59

Chapter 3 Policy 75

3.1 Economic Liberalism 75

3.1.1 Microeconomic Theory 80

3.1.2 MacroeconomicTheory 83

3.2 The Critique of Economic Liberalism 87

3.3 Development Economics 90

3.4 The Empirical Evidence 93

3.4.1 Foreign Investment and Growth 93

3.4.1.1 Private Investment 93

3.4.1.2 Public Investment 96

3.4.2 Foreign Investment and Inequality 97

3.4.3 Environmental and Labor Concerns 103

3.5 The Role of BITS 108

3.5.1 Promoting a Liberal Investment Regime 108

3.5.2 Promoting the Rule of Law 113

3.6 The Effectiveness of BITs 115

Chapter 4 Scope 121

4.1 Introduction 121

4.2 The Definition of Investment 122

4.2.1 Structure and Policy 122

4.2.2 Origins 132

4.2.3 Arbitral Practice 133

4.2.3.1 The Definition of Investment Under the ICSID Convention 133

4.2.3.2 The Definition of Investment Under the BITs 137

4.2.3.3 Identifying the Location of the Investment 148

4.2.3.4 Relevance of the Source of Financing 150

4.2.3.5 Consistency of the Investment with Local Law 152

4.3 The Definition of Investor 157

4.3.1 Structure and Policy 157

4.3.2 Origins 164

4.3.3 Arbitral Practice 168

4.3.3.1 Ascribing Nationality to a Company 168

4.3.3.2 The Nationality of an Intermediary Corporation 172

4.3.3.3 Ascribing Nationality to an Individual 172

4.3.3.4 Ownership or Control of an Investment 174

4.4 The Temporal Application of a BIT 175

4.5 Exceptions 178

4.5.1 The Essential Security Interests Exception 179

4.5.2 The Taxation Exception 186

Chapter 5 Reasonableness 189

5.1 Introduction 189

5.2 Fair and Equitable Treatment 190

5.2.1 Structure and Policy 190

5.2.2 Origins 195

5.2.3 Arbitral Practice 202

5.3 Unreasonable or Discriminatoty Measures 212

5.3.1 Structure and Policy 212

5.3.2 Origins 215

5.3.3 Arbitral Practice 219

5.4 The International Minimum Standard 226

Chapter 6 Security 233

6.1 Introduction 233

6.2 Fair and Equitable Treatment 234

6.3 Full Protection and Security 243

6.3.1 Structure and Policy 243

6.3.2 Origins 244

6.3.3 Arbitral Practice 248

6.4 Observance of Obligations 256

6.4.1 Structure and Policy 256

6.4.2 Origins 260

6.4.3 Arbitral Practice 263

6.5 Expropriation 271

6.5.1 Structure and Policy 271

6.5.2 Origins 282

6.5.3 Arbitral Practice 289

6.5.3.1 Expropriation of Property Rights 289

6.5.3.2 Expropriation of Contract Rights 303

6.5.3.3 Expropriation by the Judicial Branch 306

6.5.3.4 Grounds for Wrongfulness 307

6.6 War and Civil Disturbance 309

6.6.1 Structure and Policy 309

6.6.2 Origins 311

6.6.3 Arbitral Practice 315

6.7 Currency Transfers 316

6.7.1 Structure and Policy 316

6.7.2 Origins 324

6.7.3 Arbitral Practice 332

6.8 Preservation of Rights 333

Chapter 7 Nondiscrimination 337

7.1 Introduction 337

7.2 Most Favored Nation and National Treatment 339

7.2.1 Structure and Policy 339

7.2.2 MFN Treatment： Origins 352

7.2.3 MFN Treatment： Arbitral Practice 357

7.2.4 National Treatment： Origins 373

7.2.5 National Treatment： Arbitral Practice 376

7.3 War and Civil Disturbance 386

7.4 Unreasonable or Discriminatory.Measures 387

7.5 Fair and Equitable Treatment 392

7.6 The International Minimum Standard 394

Chapter 8 Transparency 397

8.1 Introduction 397

8.2 Publication 399

8.3 Information Exchange 400

8.4 Participation in Decision Making 401

8.5 Fair and Equitable Treatment 402

Chapter 9 Access 405

9.1 Introduction 405

9.2 The Economics of an Open Capital Account 408

9.3 Establishment 413

9.3.1 Structure and Policy 413

9.3.2 Origins 415

9.3.3 Arbitral Practice 418

9.4 Currency Transfers 419

9.5 Performance Requirements 419

9.6 Entry and Sojourn 422

9.7 Employment 424

Chapter 10 Due Process 427

10.1 Introduction 427

10.2 Investor-State Dispute Resolution 433

10.2.1 Structure and Policy 433

10.2.1.1 Consent to Arbitration 433

10.2.1.2 Arbitral Mechanisms 434

10.2.1.3 Prerequisites to Arbitration 439

10.2.1.4 Investment-State Arbitration Clauses 443

10.2.1.5 Choice of Law Clauses 444

10.2.1.6 Collateral Sources of Compensation 445

10.2.1.7 Awards 445

10.2.1.8 Innovations in Investor-State Arbitration 447

10.2.1.8.1 Party Participation in the Arbitration 449

10.2.1.8.2 Transparency 451

10.2.1.8.3 Public Participation 453

10.2.1.8.4 Expedited Consideration of Claims 454

10.2.1.8.5 Consolidation of Claims 454

10.2.1.8.6 Appellate Mechanisms 457

10.2.2 Origins 457

10.2.3 Arbitral Practice 465

10.2.3.1 The Tribunal’s Jurisdiction 465

10.2.3.1.1 Existence of an Investment 466

10.2.3.1.2 Existence of an Investor or Investment With Standing 466

10.2.3.1.3 Consent to Arbitration 477

10.2.3.1.4 Existence of an Investment Dispute 478

10.2.3.1.5 Hypotheticality and Timing of the Dispute 480

10.2.3.2 Submission of the Dispute to Local Remedies 482

10.2.3.2.1 The Exhaustion of Local Remedies Requirement 482

10.2.3.2.2 Previously Agreed Procedures 484

10.2.3.2.3 Voluntary Submission to Local Remedies 485

10.2.3.2.4 Choice of Forum Clauses Designating Local Remedies 488

10.2.3.3 Multiple Proceedings 491

10.2.3.4 Other Procedural Conditions for Submission of a Claim 492

10.2.3.4.1 Prior Consultations or Negotiations 492

10.2.3.4.2 The Waiting Period 494

10.2.3.4.3 Sufficiency of Notice 497

10.2.3.5 Conduct of the Arbitration 498

10.3 State-State Dispute Resolution 499

10.3.1 Structure and Policy 499

10.3.2 Origins 504

10.3.3 Arbitral Practice 507

10.4 Denial of Justice 508

10.4.1 Treaty Texts 508

10.4.2 Arbitral Practice 509

Table of Cases 517

Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments 525

Index 553