THE CRIMINALIZATION OF ABORTION IN THE WESTPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

1. The Earliest Proponents of Criminalization 20

The Scholastic Origins of Criminal Abortion 22

Forms of Sentencing in Medieval Jurisprudence 30

Crimen in "An Age without Lawyers" (500-1050) 34

2. Early Venues of Criminalization 45

Crimen in Sacramental Confession 47

Judicial Crimen in the Ecclesiastical Courts 53

Public Penitential Crimen 59

Royal Jurisdiction in Thirteenth-Century England 66

3. Chief Agents of Criminalization 76

Legislation versus Juristic Communis Opinio 79

Communis Opinio and Peer Dissent 88

Systematic Law before the Rise of the Modern State 95

4. Principal Arguments in Favor of Criminalization 100

Successive Animation and Creatianism 102

Legal and Theological Assessments of Therapeutic Abortion 110

The Demise of Late Medieval Embryology 116

5. Objections to Crimina zation 123

Customary Indifference North and East of the River Rhine 125

Rejection in the Royal Courts of England (1327-1557) 134

6. Abortion Experts and Expertise 149

Evidence of Midwifery 152

Medical Embryology and Abortion Discourse 158

Abortifacient Prescriptions 162

7. Abortion in the Criminal Courts of the Ius Commune 171

Criminal Accusationes and Inquisitiones 173

The Rules and Safeguards of Ordinary Inquisitiones 177

Extraordinary Inquisitiones 186

8. Forms of Punishment in the Criminal Courts of the Ius Commune 198

Statutory and Customary Specifications 201

Substitute Penalties 207

Adjustment Out of Court 214

9. The Frequency of Criminal Prosecutions 220

Viable Statistical Queries 221

Geography and Patterns of Record Keeping 227

A Triad of Typical Cases 233

Bibliography 241

Index 259