INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN COIMINAL LAWPDF电子书下载

A.Introduction 1

1.Criminal Law in an International Context 1

2.Terminology of "International Criminal Law" 2

Ⅰ.Overview 2

Ⅱ.International Criminal Law(stricto sensu):Criminal Law under Public International Law 2

Ⅲ.Supranational(Especially European)Criminal Law 3

Ⅳ.Criminal Jurisdiction and Rules Determining the Exercise of Jurisdiction 3

Ⅴ.Mutual Legal Assistance 4

B.Jurisdiction and the territorial scope of Criminal Law 7

3.The Application of National Criminal Law to Cases with International Elements 7

Ⅰ.Criminal Jurisdiction 7

Ⅱ.Applicable(Substantive)Criminal Law 8

Ⅲ.Danger of Double Jeopardy 9

Ⅴ.Relation between the Rules Determining the Scope of Application of Criminal Law and the Material Scope of Protection of Criminal Offences 10

4.The Principles of Criminal Jurisdiction and their Implementation in National Legal Orders 12

Ⅰ.Competence to Determine the Territorial Scope of Application of Criminal Law 12

Ⅱ.The Principles of Criminal Jurisdiction 13

1.Overview of the Principles Recognised by International Law 13

2.Territorial Principle 14

a)General considerations 14

b)In particular:internet criminality 16

c)Flag principle 17

d)Implementation of the territorial principle in various national legal systems 17

3.Nationality Principle 20

a)General considerations 20

b)Implementation of the nationality principle in various national legal orders 21

4.The Protective Principles 25

a)Protective principle(stricto sensu) 25

b)Passive personality principle/individual protective principle 28

5.The Universality Principle 32

a)General considerations 32

b)Implementation of the universality principle in various national legal orders 32

6.Representation Principle 38

a)General considerations 38

b)Application in various national legal orders 39

7.Principle of Distribution of Competences 40

8.Principle of Protection of European Union Interests 41

C.European Criminal Law 43

5.Basic Principles and Issues of European Criminal Law 43

Ⅰ.Meaning of the Term "European Criminal Law" 43

Ⅱ.The Influence of European Law on Criminal Law 44

1.History of Primary Law Influence on Criminal Law 44

2.European Law-Making versus Harmonisation of Laws 46

6.Supranational Criminal Law 48

Ⅰ.Existing Sanctions at Union Level 48

1.The Different Types of European Sanctions 48

a)Fines 48

b)Other financial sanctions 49

c)Other detriments 49

2.Classification as Criminal Law in a Broader Sense 49

Ⅱ.European Criminal Law 51

1.Terminology 51

2.First Instances of a European Criminal Law de lege lata? 51

3.European Competence Provisions for Adopting Criminal Law 53

Ⅲ.Future Projects concerning "European Criminal Law" 57

1.Corpus Juris of criminal provisions for the protection of the financial interests of the European Communities(Corpus Juris 2000) 58

2.Commission Green Paper on criminal-law protection of the financial interests of the Community and the establishment of a European Prosecutor 59

7.The Influence of European Law on Domestic Substantive Criminal Law 60

Ⅰ.General Issues 61

1.Criminal Law under the Influence of European Union Law 61

2.Particularities of Criminal Law 63

Ⅱ.Primary Law as a Restriction on National Criminal Law 65

1.European Law Serving as Upper Limit for National Criminal Law 65

a)Elements of a criminal offence conflicting with European law 66

b)Legal consequences conflicting with European law 67

aa)Severity of penalty 67

bb)Type of sanction 69

2.Minimum Requirements for Criminal Law set by European Law 70

Ⅲ.Restrictions on National Criminal Law Resulting from Secondary Law-in Particular Directives(art.83 TFEU) 72

1.Overview 72

2.Combating Crime with a Cross-Border Dimension(art.83(1)TFEU) 72

a)Amendments in primary law concerning the former third pillar 72

b)Legal acts adopted prior to the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon 73

c)Prerequisites of art.83(1)TFEU 74

3.Annex Competence(Art.83(2)TFEU) 76

a)"Annex character" of the competence provision 76

b)Legal situation prior to the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon 77

c)The prerequisites of art.83(2)TFEU 78

4.Competence for Minimum Harmonisation 78

5.The "Emergency Brake"(Art.83(3)TFEU) 80

a)General idea and procedure 80

b)Fundamental aspects of the criminal justice system 80

6.Other Approximation Competences 81

a)Competence provisions 81

b)Does the "emergency brake" apply? 81

7.Excursus:A Concept for a European Criminal Policy 82

a)Background 82

b)The specific principles for a European criminal policy 83

Ⅳ.References to European Law in Domestic Criminal Law Provisions 84

1.Introduction 85

a)Rules in directives 85

b)Rules in regulations 85

2.Problems Arising from the Use of Blanket Criminal Laws Referring to EU Regulations 86

a)Effect of blanket references and issues concerning their interpretation 86

b)Blanket laws and the lex certa requirement 87

aa)General requirements 88

bb)References to European law 89

cc)Cross-references in national statutory instruments 90

dd)The principle of lex mitior 91

Ⅴ.The Influence of European Law on the Interpretation and Application of Domestic Substantive Criminal Law 93

1.Introduction 93

2.Neutralising Effect on Domestic Law 94

a)Actual conflicts with regard to the elements of a criminal offence 95

b)Actual conflicts with regards to legal consequences 97

c)Ostensible conflicts 98

3.Interpretation in the Light of European Law 99

a)Introduction 99

b)Interpreting criminal law in the light of European law 100

c)Examples 102

aa)Protection of EU legal interests 102

bb)Defming legal terms in criminal law provisions pursuant to European laws 104

cc)Crimes of negligence 106

dd)Sentencing 107

4.Relevance of Framework Decisions 108

8.Criminal Law Enforcement in Europe 109

Ⅰ.Institutions of Law Enforcement Within the EU 110

1.Europol 110

2.Eurojust 112

3.The European Anti-Fraud Office(OLAF) 114

4.The Project of a European Public Prosecutor's Office 115

Ⅱ.The Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters on the Basis of the Principle of Mutual Recognition 117

1.The Principle 117

2.Legislative Acts on the Basis of the Principle of Mutual Recognition 118

a)The European arrest warrant 118

aa)The Framework Decision 118

bb)The implementation of the Framework Decision within the Member States 120

b)European supervision order 123

c)Mutual iudicial assistance concerning evidence;the European evidence warrant in particular 123

d)Enforcement of penalties 125

3.The Codification of the Principle of Mutual Recognition in Art.82 TFEU 125

a)Scope of application 126

b)Distinction from approximation measures pursuant to art.82(2)TFEU 126

4.The Exchange of Information and the "Principle of Availability" in Particular 126

Ⅲ.Approximation of Criminal Procedural Law 128

1.Fields of Application 128

a)Mutual admissibility of evidence between Member States(lit.a) 128

b)The rights of individuals in criminal procedure(lit.b) 129

c)The rights of victims of a crime(lit.c) 130

d)Other specific aspects of criminal procedure(lit.d) 131

2."Emergency Brake"(Art.82(3)TFEU) 131

Ⅳ.Ne bis in idem 132

1.Merely Internal Effect of "ne bis in idem" as the General Rule 132

2.Sanctions in Multiple Member States Based on the Same Facts 133

a)Necessity for and concept of a European "ne bis in idem" principle 133

b)The relationship between art.54 CISA and art.50 CFR 135

c)Elements and uniform application of art.54 CISA 137

aa)"Decision finally disposing of the trial" 137

bb)"the same acts" 139

cc)Enforcement element 140

9.The European Convention on Human Rights 143

Ⅰ.Council of Europe 144

1.The International Organisation 144

2.The Council of Europe's Role in Criminal Law 145

Ⅱ.European Convention on Human Rights 145

1.The ECHR in Different Legal Systems 146

a)The principle of "minimum standard" 146

b)Significance for domestic law 146

c)Significance of the Convention for EU Law 147

aa)The EU's accession to the ECHR 147

bb)The Charter of Fundamental Rights 148

cc)The relationship between ECtHR and ECJ 148

2.The Interpretation of the ECHR 149

3.Guarantees Relating to Criminal Law 150

a)Overview 150

aa)Subsidiary protection through the ECtHR 150

bb)Scope of application 151

b)Testing ECHR rights related to criminal law 151

c)Right to life-art.2 ECHR 152

d)Prohibition of torture(and degrading punishment)-art.3 ECHR 154

aa)Scope of protection and unexceptional prohibition of torture 154

bb)Threat of torture 156

cc)Medical interventions 158

dd)Deportation and extradition 158

e)Right to liberty-art.5 ECHR 159

f)Right to a fair trial-arts 6(1)and(5)ECHR 161

aa)Scope of protection 162

bb)The court and the court proceeding 163

cc)Fair trial 165

g)Presumption of innocence-art.6(2)ECHR 168

h)No punishment without law-art.7 ECHR 169

aa)Scope of protection 169

bb)The necessity for clarity and definiteness 170

cc)Prohibition of analogies 170

dd)Prohibition of ex post facto laws 171

i)Right to respect for private and family life-art.8 ECHR 172

j)Right to appeal in criminal matters-art.2(1)Additional Protocol No.7 173

k)Ne bis in idem 173

4.Procedural Law and Organs of the ECHR 174

a)The ECtHR and its role as an organ 174

b)Individual applications and inter-state cases 175

c)Judgment 176

d)Effect 176

D.International Criminal Law 179

10.General Introduction to International Criminal Law 179

Ⅰ.Definition of International Criminal Law 179

Ⅱ.The Enforcement of International Criminal Law 181

Ⅲ.International Criminal Law and the Law of State Responsibility 183

Ⅳ."Treaty Crimes" 184

11.History of International Criminal Law 185

Ⅰ.Development until 1919 185

Ⅱ.Versailles and the Leipzig War Crime Trials 186

1.The Versailles Treaty 186

2.The Leipzig War Crime Trials 187

Ⅲ.The Military Tribunal in Nuremberg 187

1.Structure of the International Military Tribunal(IMT) 188

a)Jurisdiction 188

b)Composition of the Tribunal 188

2.Procedural Law 188

3.Judgment 189

4.Criticism Concerning the Nuremberg Trials 189

5.Summary 190

Ⅳ.The International Military Tribunal for the Far East(IMTFE) 190

Ⅴ."Cold War"-Era 190

Ⅵ.International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia(ICTY) 191

1.Structure of the Tribunal 192

a)Jurisdiction 192

b)Composition of the Tribunal 193

c)Sanctions 193

2.Overview of the Criminal Offences Applied by the ICTY 193

3.Legitimacy of the Tribunal 194

Ⅶ.The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda(ICTR) 195

Ⅷ.Hybrid Courts 195

12.The International Criminal Court(ICC) 198

Ⅰ.Structure of the Statute 199

Ⅱ.Function of the ICC 200

Ⅲ.Jurisdiction 200

1.Jurisdiction ratione personae 200

2.Jurisdiction ratione materiae 201

3.Jurisdiction ratione loci/"genuine link" 201

4.Jurisdiction ratione temporis 202

Ⅳ.Trigger Mechanisms for the Court's Activities 202

1.State Complaint 202

2.Independent Investigations by the Prosecutor 204

3.Resolution of the UN Security Council 204

Ⅴ.Principle of Complementarity 206

Ⅵ.Institutional Aspects 208

1.The Judges 209

2.The Registry 209

3.The Prosecutor 209

4.Financing 210

Ⅶ.Procedure 210

1.Preliminary Investigation 210

2.Confirmation Hearing 211

3.Trial 212

4.Appeal and Revision 212

5.Victims' Rights 212

6.Summary 214

Ⅷ.Sanctions and their Enforcement 214

Ⅸ.Limitation and Finality 214

Ⅹ.Evaluation in Terms of Legal Policy 215

13.The General Part of International Criminal Law 216

Ⅰ.Applicable Law 217

1.General Sources of International Law 217

2.Particular Sources of International Criminal Law 217

Ⅱ.Rules of Interpretation and the Principle of "nullum crimen,nulla poena sine lege" 219

1.Interpretation of International Law in General 219

2.Interpretation of International Criminal Law 220

Ⅲ.Individual Criminal Responsibility 221

Ⅳ.The Structure of an International Criminal Law Offence 222

1.The General Material Elements of International Crimes 223

2.The General Mental Elements of International Crimes 224

3.Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility 228

a)Self-defence 229

b)Necessity 229

c)Superior orders 231

d)Mistake 231

e)Mental incapacity 233

f)Immunities 233

g)Statute of limitations 234

h)Unwritten grounds for excluding criminal responsibility 234

Ⅴ.Forms of Participation(Perpetration and Accessoryship) 235

1.Perpetration 236

a)Direct perpetration 236

b)Co-perpetration 236

c)"Joint Criminal Enterprise" as extension of co-perpetration? 236

d)Indirect perpetration 239

2.Accessoryship 239

a)Inducement 239

b)Assistance 240

c)Assistance in a group crime 240

Ⅵ.Superior Responsibility 241

Ⅶ.Attempt and Abandonment of the Attempt 243

Ⅷ.Omission 244

14.Special Part of International Criminal Law 245

Ⅰ.Genocide 246

1.History 246

2.Protected interests 247

3.Structure of the Crime 248

4.The Material Elements of Genocide in General 248

5.The Mental Elements of Genocide in General 250

6.Individual Genocidal Acts 251

a)Killing members of the group 251

b)Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group 252

c)Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part 252

d)Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group 253

e)Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group 253

Ⅱ.Crimes against Humanity 253

1.History 254

2.Protected Interests 256

3.Structure of the Crime 256

4.Material Elements of the "Chapeau" 256

5.Mental Elements in Respect of the "Chapeau" 258

6.Individual Acts 259

a)Murder 259

b)Extermination 259

c)Enslavement 259

d)Deportation or forcible transfer of population 260

e)Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law 260

f)Torture 260

g)Sexual violence 260

h)Persecution 261

i)Enforced disappearance of persons 261

j)Apartheid 261

k)Other inhuman acts of a similar character 262

Ⅲ.War Crimes 262

1.History 262

2.Protected Interests 264

3.Elements of the Offence 264

4.Objective Requirements of an Armed Conflict 265

5.Subjective Requirement of an Armed Conflict 267

6.Categories of the Individual Acts 267

a)Material and mental elements 267

b)Category 1 of offences committed in connection with an international armed conflict:Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12th August,1949(art.8(2)(a)ICCSt) 268

c)Category 2 of offences committed in connection with an international armed conflict:Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict(art.8(2)(b)ICCSt) 268

d)Category 1 of offences committed in connection with a non-international armed conflict:serious violations of art.3 common to the four Geneva Conventions of 12th August,1949(art.8(2)(c)ICCSt) 269

e)Category 2 of offences committed in connection with a non-international armed conflict:Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an international character(art.8(2)(e)ICCSt) 270

Ⅳ.Aggression 270

1.The Crime of Aggression under Customary International Law 270

2.The Crime of Aggression in the ICC-Statute 271

a)Elements of the criminal offence 273

b)Jurisdiction/trigger mechanism 274

c)Coming into force 275

d)Conclusion 276

15.The Implementation of the ICC-Statute into National Law-The German Solution in Particular 277

Ⅰ.Introduction 277

1.Direct Application of Customary International Law 278

2.Explicit References to Customary International Law 278

3.Static Reference to the Rome Statute 278

4.The Ordinary National Crime Solution 279

5.The Specific National Crime Solution 279

Ⅱ.The German Incorporation Solution as a Model 279

1.National Legislation in Relation to the ICC 280

2.Legislative Motivation 281

3.Deficits of German Criminal Law before the Entry-into-Force of the VStGB 281

4.No Direct Effect of the Crimes of International Law in the German Jurisdiction 282

5.No Direct Applicability of the Statute's Offences as Incorporated by the ICC-Statute-Act 282

Ⅲ.The Content of the Code of Crimes against International Law 283

Ⅳ.The Conflict between the Principle of Complementarity and the GG 284

1.The VStGB Falling Behind the ICC-Statute 285

a)General Part of the VStGB 285

b)The Special Part of the VStGB 287

2.Conflicts with the Principle of Legality according to Art.103 Ⅱ GG 289

a)Uncertain elements of offences 289

b)References to customary international law 290

c)References to treaty law 291

Ⅴ.Unlimited Principle of Universality Extending the Traditional Rules on the Scope of Apphcation of German Criminal Law 292

Ⅵ.Conclusion 293

Index 295