COURTS LAW AND JUSTICEPDF电子书下载

1.Asset Forfeiture 1

Types of Asset Forfeiture 2

Asset Forfeiture in American History 2

Recent History: Acts and Legislation 3

Asset Forfeiture and Police Budgets 5

Pro: Arguments Supporting Asset Forfeiture 6

Funding Police and Saving Taxpayers 7

Restoration to Victims 8

Con: Arguments Against Asset Forfeiture 8

The Taint Doctrine 9

Constitutional Rights and Pivotal Cases 9

2.DNA Evidence 13

History of DNA Typing in Criminal Justice 14

Specialized Processes to Enhance DNA Testing 15

The Misunderstood Science of DNA Testing 16

DNA Storage 17

Developing Felon Databases of DNA 18

Conducting a Mass Screening of Ordinary Citizens 18

Admissibility of DNA Evidence: History and New Tests 19

Current Legal and Ethical Issues 20

Who Should Be in the Database? 20

Database and Familial Searches 20

Touch/Transfer/Low-Level DNA Samples 21

Post-Conviction Testing: Access and Timeliness 22

Pro: Support for Expanding DNA Databases 24

Con: Opposition to Expanding DNA Databases 25

DNA Dragnets 26

Future of DNA Evidence and New Scientific Techniques 27

3.Double Jeopardy 31

History of the Double Jeopardy Rule 32

The Attachment of Jeopardy 33

Same Offense 34

Exceptions to the Double Jeopardy Clause 35

Separate Sovereignties 35

Petite Policy 36

Government Appeal 37

Termination Without Acquittal or Conviction 38

Application in Non-Criminal Proceedings 38

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Double Jeopardy 39

Con: Arguments Against Double Jeopardy 40

4.Drug Laws 45

Drugs: The Stalled Movement for Decriminalization 46

History: Changing Frames for Drug Laws 46

The 1960s and 1970s: Cultural Strife and Moral Dissonance 47

From the Reagan Era Onward 48

Pro: The Prophylactic Features of Criminalization 49

Con: Criticism of the War on Drugs 50

Hints of a Slowly Shifting Drug Policy 52

Challenging the Punitive Approach to Drug Enforcement 52

International Parallels 54

Conclusion 55

5.DUI Penalties 61

Relevant Databases 62

Effects or Influences of Drugs on Driving 63

Control of Impaired Drivers 63

Measuring Blood Alcohol Content 64

Implied Consent Laws and Administrative Sanctions 65

Zero Tolerance Laws 66

Standard Criminal Penalties for DUI 67

Nontraditional DUI Penalties 67

Locking the Ignition 68

Pro: Arguments for Strong Impaired-Driving Laws 69

Con: Enforcement and Sanctions Are Inadequate 70

Questionable Deterrence 71

6.Exclusionary Rules 75

Building the Exclusionary Rules 76

Fourth Amendment Context 76

Fifth Amendment Context 78

Sixth Amendment Context 78

Fruit of the Poisonous Tree 79

Limiting the Exclusionary Rules 80

The Current State of the Exclusionary Rule 83

Pro: Arguments in Support of the Exclusionary Rule 83

Con: Arguments Opposing the Exclusionary Rule 85

7.Expert Witnesses and Hired Guns 89

Quality of the Science 91

Expert Witnesses in Criminal Cases 92

Psychiatric/Psychological Evaluation 92

Physical Evidence Evaluation 93

Medical/Biological Evidence Evaluation 94

Documentary and Computer Evidence Evaluation 94

Acoustical Evidence Evaluation 95

Traffic Accident Reconstruction 95

Financial Evaluation 96

Hired Guns 96

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Using Expert Witnesses 97

Con: Arguments Opposing the Use of Expert Witnesses 98

Conclusion 99

8.Eyewitness Testimony and Accuracy 101

History of Eyewitness Identification Research 102

The Research of Loftus and Wells 102

DNA Testing and Factors in Eyewitness Error 103

Pro: Variables Leading to Accurate Eyewitness Testimony 104

Estimator Variables 105

System Variables 106

Con: Variables Leading to Mistaken Eyewitness Testimony 107

Estimator Variables 108

System Variables 109

Lineup Presentation Method 110

Administrator's Behavior 111

Conclusion 112

9.Gun Control Laws 117

History of Gun Control and Gun Rights 117

Foreign Examples of Gun Control 119

Gun Control Laws and the Constitution 120

Recent Landmark Cases 122

Types of Gun Control Laws 123

Keeping Guns out of the Hands of Criminals 123

Waiting Periods 124

Safe Storage and Distance 124

Major Federal Gun Control Initiatives 125

Gun Rights Legislation: Conceal and Carry 125

Gun Laws: The Empirical Evidence 127

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Gun Control 127

Con: Arguments in Opposition to Gun Control 128

Conclusion 128

10.Insanity Defense 133

Procedures Involved in the Defense 134

History of the Defense 135

The M'Naghten Test 135

Irresistible Impulse 136

The Durham Test 136

American Law Institute Test 137

Guilty but Mentally Ill 137

Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 138

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Postpartum Psychosis 139

The Supreme Court Gets Involved 140

Pro: Arguments in Support of the Insanity Defense 140

Con: Arguments Against the Insanity Defense 142

A Case in Point 143

11.Jury System 145

Mechanics of the Jury System 146

History of the Jury System 147

The Supreme Court Shapes the American Jury System 149

Fair Cross-Section Requirement 151

Pro: Arguments in Support of the American Jury System 153

Con: Criticisms of the American Jury System 154

12.Mandatory Sentencing 159

A Brief History of Mandatory Sentencing 160

Describing Mandatory Sentencing Today 161

Rationale for Mandatory Sentencing 162

Effectiveness of Mandatory Sentencing 163

Pro: Arguments for Mandatory Minimum Sentencing 165

Protecting the Public 165

Sentencing Equity 166

Con: Arguments Against Mandatory Minimum Sentencing 167

Discretion and Bias 168

Rigid and Expensive 169

Future Issues in Mandatory Sentencing 170

13.Miranda Rights 173

The Law Prior to Miranda 174

Ernesto Miranda 176

The Miranda Ruling 177

Court Specifies the Language of the Warnings 178

The Aftermath 179

Congress, the Court, and the Problem of Miranda 180

Subsequent Caselaw 181

Berghuis v.Thompkins: A Critical Change 183

Pro: Arguments in Support of the Miranda Ruling Con: Criticism of the Miranda Ruling 184

14.Plea Bargaining 186

The Development and Spread of Plea Bargaining 188

Plea Bargaining in America and Internationally 188

Pro: Arguments in Support of Plea Bargaining 189

The Issue of Coercion 190

In the Shadow of Trials 191

Plea Bargains as Contracts 192

Substantive Justice 193

Con: Arguments in Opposition to Plea Bargaining 194

Diverging From the Shadow of Trials 194

The Contract View Fails the Public 195

Hawks and Doves 196

Result of an Overadversarial System 197

15.Polygraphs 201

History of the Polygraph 201

Polygraph Groundbreakers: Larson and Reid 202

Procedures of the Polygraph 203

The Use of Polygraphs in the Criminal Justice System 204

The Admissibility of Polygraphs in Criminal Cases 205

Daubert and Sche f fer: A Split in the Federal Circuits 205

The Exception: New Mexico 207

Pro: Supporting the Validity of the Polygraph 208

Rehabilitation and Recidivism 208

Con: Questioning the Validity of the Polygraph 209

The Error Rate 209

Poor Research Standards 210

No Uniform Training Standards or Procedures 211

16.Restorative Justice 215

Basic Premises of Restorative Justice 216

Conflict as Property 217

The Work of Braithwaite and Zehr 217

History of Restorative Justice 219

Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs 219

Victims' Rights Movements and Indigenous Justice 220

Restorative Justice Interventions 221

Victim-Offender Mediation 222

Family Group Conferencing 222

Sentencing Circles 223

Community Restorative Boards 223

Restorative Community Service 223

Pro: Arguments in Support of Restorative Justice 224

Offender Agreements and Recidivism 225

Con: Arguments Against Restorative Justice 226

Whose Justice? 226

Due Process, Fair Sentencing, and Mainstreaming 226

17.Sentencing Disparities 231

Inconsistencies in the Research 232

Methodological Flaws in Sentencing Research 232

Variables Used in Sentencing Research 233

Theoretical Premises of Sentencing Disparity 234

Ethnicity and Disparity in Sentencing 235

Disparities in Sentencing and Sentencing Guidelines 236

RDS and the War on Drugs 238

Crack Versus Powder 238

Pro: Positive Outcomes of Racial Disparity Research 240

Con: Negative Outcomes of Racial Disparity Research 241

18.Sex Offender Registry 243

The History of Sex Offender Legislation 244

Contemporary Sex Offender Registry Legislation 245

Wetterling Act and Megan's Law 245

Inconsistent Procedures, Specific Types of Information 246

Sex Offender Levels 246

Updated Legislation 247

The Tier System 248

The Legality of Sex Offender Legislation 250

Two Cases of Constitutional Challenge 251

Pro: Arguments in Support of Sex Offender Registration 252

Con: Arguments Against Sex Offender Registration 253

19.Three-Strikes Laws 257

The History and Development of Three-Strikes Laws 258

The Klaas Murder 259

The Legality of Three-Strikes Laws 260

Pro: Arguments in Support of Three-Strikes Laws 261

The Deterrent Effect 262

Con: Arguments Against Three-Strikes Laws 264

Burdensome Costs and Racial Disparities 264

20.Victim Rights and Restitution 269

Victim Rights Overview 270

Restitution Overview 271

Typical Victim Rights 272

Receiving Information and Notification 272

Reasonable Protection and Separate Waiting Areas 272

Availability of Transportation 273

Participation and Attendance in the Justice Process 273

Restitution and Return of Property 273

Victim Services and Applying for Victim Compensation 274

Expectation of Compliance and Legal Remedies 274

State Legislation for Victim Rights and Restitution 275

Federal Legislation for Victim Rights and Restitution 275

Proposed Victim Rights Amendment 277

Pro: Arguments for Constitutional Victims' Rights 278

Con: Arguments Against Constitutional Victims' Rights 279

Conclusion 281

Index 283

About the General Editor 317