SELF DEFENCE IN INTERNATIONAL AND CRIMINAL LAW THE DOCTRINE OF IMMINENCEPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

1 The doctrine of self-defence and its limits in criminal law 13

Introduction 13

The.categorisation of self-defence 17

Wlien and how may self defensive force be used? 20

Self-defence in relation to duress and necessity 23

General defence of duress 25

The defining features of duress 27

Duress of circumstances 32

General defence of necessity 33

The limits of necessity 35

Self-defence and its limits 38

The critique of the imminence requirement 47

Is the requirement of imminence, in fact, merely a proxy for the concept of necessity? 52

Should the law be m,ore lenient towards the vulnerable? 60

The role of the state 64

The immediately necessary criterion 67

Conclusion 74

2 The laws of war and the roots of international self-defence 75

Introduction 75

The origins of the laws of war 76

Part.I: Limitations on warfare in the Islamic tradition 80

Introduction 80

Sources of Islamic jurisprudence 82

Islamic tradition on warfare 84

The concept ofjihad and its evolution 91

The division of the world into dar-ul-Islam and dar-ul-harb 98

The need for a contextual reading ofjihad in the United Nations era 101

Concluding remarks on Islamic laws of war 105

Part II: Christianity and just war tradition in the western world 107

Introduction 107

The early Christian attitude 109

Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire 112

The construction of the just war theory 114

The evolution of just war in the early modern, era 122

Sovereignty and the unhindered right to war 130

Concluding remarks on the Christian just war tradition 132

3 From sovereignty to unilateralism: a critique of the preventive war doctrine 134

Introduction 134

The reign of positivism, and the abandonment of the just, war principles 135

The Caroline affair 138

The revival of the just war doctrine: the League of Nations Era 140

The UN system and the prohibition on the use of force 143

Exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force 148

Collective measures 148

The reality of politics in international law 150

The right to self-defence and the preventive war doctrine 155

The challenge to imminence in the international context 157

The preventive war on Iraq 164

The legal precedents of anticipatory self-defence claims 166

A critique of the preventive war doctrine 170

The occupation of Iraq (2003-201?) 176

The outcomes of the preventive war strategy 182

Conclusion 186

4 The role and rationale of the imminence requirement in national and international law 188

Introduction 188

The nexus between domestic and international law 189

The temporal requirement of self-defence in national and international law 194

The Bush Doctrine: arbitrariness within the realm, of force 198

Relaxing the imminence rule in battered women's self-defence claims? 204

The political character of the imminence rule 209

The interconnection between the elements of self-defence: justified force versus acts of retaliation 213 Double standards in the application of international law: the element ofpotuer 221

The legal status of the preventive war doctrine: is there an evolving ncustomary norm? 232

Conclusion 237

5 Conclusions 239

Select bibliography 245

Index 268