THE RULE OF LAW IN JAPAN A COMPARATIVE ANAIYSISPDF电子书下载

1.Introduction 1

2.Foundations of the Legal System 5

2.1 United States 5

2.2 Japan 11

2.2.1 Pre-Meiji Japan 11

2.2.2 Meiji Japan’s Adoption of Western Legal Models 16

2.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 19

2.3.1 “Restoration”? 19

2.3.2 A Western Legal System? 20

3.Constitutional Ideology 25

3.1 United States 25

3.2 Japan 28

3.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 33

3.3.1 Executive and Legislative Power 33

3.3.2 Limits on National Government Powers—Local Government Powers 39

3.3.3 Limitations on Private Actions Deemed in Violation of the Constitution 45

3.3.4 Hortatory Rights—Public Welfare Restraints 49

4.Separation of Church and State 53

4.1 United States 53

4.2 Japan 58

4.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 59

4.3.1 Tsu City Case 61

4.3.2 Ehime Prefecture Case 62

4.3.3 Miscellaneous Cases 64

4.3.4 Enshrinement Case 66

5.Equality and Issues of Discrimination 69

5.1 Racial and Ethnic Discrimination 69

5.1.1 United States 69

5.1.2 Japan 74

5.1.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 76

5.1.3.1 Aliens 76

5.1.3.2 Burakumin 82

5.1.3.3 Ainu 85

5.2 Sex Discrimination 89

5.2.1 United States 89

5.2.2 Japan 90

5.2.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 92

6.The Judiciary 105

6.1 United States 105

6.2 Japan 110

6.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 113

6.3.1 Judicial “Independence” 116

6.3.2 Judicial Review 119

6.3.2.1 Pharmacy Location Case from Hiroshima 121

6.3.2.2 Patricide Case 123

6.3.2.3 The Forest Division Case 124

6.3.2.4 Voting Rights Apportionment Cases 125

6.3.2.5 The Effect of a Finding of Unconstitutionality 128

6.3.2.6 Judicial Review—Restrictions 129

7.The Legal Profession 133

7.1 United States 133

7.2 Japan 135

7.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 138

8.Article 9—Renunciation of War—Military Power and Responsibility 145

8.1 United States 145

8.2 Japan 147

8.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 151

8.3.1 Article 9—Interpretation 152

8.3.2 Article 9—Litigation 156

8.3.2.1 The Sunakawa Case 156

8.3.2.2 The Naganuma Case 157

8.3.2.3 The Hyakuri Air Base Case 158

8.3.2.4 The Okinawa Mandamus Case 159

8.3.2.5 Recent Lower Court Cases 160

8.3.3 Political Challenges 160

8.3.4 Article 9—Terrorism 161

8.3.5 Command and Control 163

8.3.6 Constitutional Transformation 164

9.Treaties 167

9.1 United States 167

9.2 Japan 168

9.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 168

10.Corporate Matters 181

10.1 United States 181

10.2 Japan 183

10.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 185

11.Contracts 213

11.1 United States 213

11.2 Japan 217

11.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 219

11.3.1 Contracts Take Account of Changing Circumstances 223

11.3.2 Means of Enforcement Are Different 224

12.Civil Litigation 229

12.1 United States 229

12.2 Japan 230

12.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 232

12.3.1 Access to the Judicial System 240

12.3.2 Civil Procedure 242

12.3.2.1 United States 242

12.3.2.2 Japan 245

12.3.2.3 Remedy 253

12.3.2.4 Role of the Public 258

12.3.2.5 Alternative Dispute Resolution and Other Extra-Judicial Remedies 259

12.3.2.6 Judicial Reform 263

13.Criminal Law 269

13.1 United States 269

13.2 Japan 273

13.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 277

13.3.1 General Comment 277

13.3.1.1 United States 278

13.3.1.2 Japan 281

13.3.1.2.1 Substantive Criminal Law 281

13.3.1.2.2 Procedural Law 284

Police 285

Prosecutor 289

Investigative Function 290

Quasi-Judicial Function 292

Defense Counsel 297

Judge and Trial 298

Defendant 304

13.3.1.2.3 Constitutional Guarantees and Protections Afforded the Criminal Suspect and Accused 304

Confession 305

Right to Counsel 307

No Person Shall Be Compelled to Testify Against Himself 312

Immunity from Prosecution 314

Bail 315

Speedy Trial 316

Double Jeopardy Prohibited 317

13.3.1.2.4 Reform Proposals 318

14.Administrative Law 321

14.1 United States. 321

14.2 Japan 325

14.3 What You See May Not Be What You Get 326

14.3.1 Koboku Suits to Review Administrative Action 326

14.3.1.1 Standing 328

14.3.1.2 Disposition or Shobun 331

14.3.1.3 Judicial Restraint—Substitutes for Administrative Review 334

14.3.1.4 Judicial Reform 335

14.3.2 Administrative Guidance 335

14.3.3 Administrative Procedure 348

14.3.4 Other Administrative Matters 350

15.Unifying Factors 353

15.1 Harmony and a Balancing of Societal Interests vs. Individual Rights. 357

15.2 The Common Sense of Society vs.Strict Interpretation 361

15.3 Group vs.Personal Interests 365

15.4 Substantive Justice 368

16.Conclusion 369

Table of Japanese Cases 373

Table of United States Cases. 379

About the Author 383

Index 385