INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW TREATIES CASES AND ANALYSISPDF电子书下载

1. AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR PROTECTION MECHANISMS 1

1.1. The Historical and Conceptual Development of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 1

1.2. Overview of International Protection Mechanisms: History,Organization,and Operations 6

1.2.1. United Nations Mechanisms 6

1.2.1.1. UN Treaty-Based Tribunals 7

International Criminal Court 8

Human Rights Committee 8

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 10

Committee Against Torture 10

Committee to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women 11

Committee on Economic,Social,and Cultural Rights 11

1.2.1.2. UN Charter-Based Tribunals and Other Mechanisms 11

International Court of Justice 11

International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda 11

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 12

Procedure under ECOSOC Resolution No.1503 12

Philip Alston,The Commission on Human Rights in Alston (ed.) THE UNITED NATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL 126 (1992) 13

Procedure under ECOSOC Resolution No.1235 14

Thematic and Country Mechanisms 15

International Labour Organisation 15

UN High Commissioner for Refugees 16

1.2.2. Regional Tribunals 16

European Court of Human Rights 16

Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights 17

African Commission and Court of Human and Peoples' Rights 19

Caribbean Court of Justice 19

1.2.3. Other Tribunals 20

Human Rights Commission for Bosnia and Herzegovina 20

Hybrid National-International,Criminal Tribunals 20

2. FORMAL SOURCES AND PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW 22

2.1. Formal Sources 22

ICJ Statute,art.38 22

IAN BROWNLIE,PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 3,4 (4th ed.1990) 23

2.1.1. Treaties 23

Reservations 25

U.S.Reservations,Declarations,and Understandings to the ICCPR (1992) 26

Questions & Comments 28

2.1.2. Customary International Law 28

IAN BROWNLIE,PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 5-7,10 (4th ed.1990) 29

Questions & Comments 30

2.1.3. Jus Cogens 31

Francisco Forrest Martin,Delineating a Hierarchical Outline of International Law Sources and Norms,65 SASK.L.REV.333 (2002) 31

Aloeboetoe et al.v.Suriname,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1993) 39

Questions & Comments 40

Advisory Opinion,Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1987) 40

2.2. Principles of Interpretation 46

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,arts.31 and 32 46

Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land,Martens Clause 47

ICC Statute,art.21 47

Advisory Opinion,"Other Treaties" Subject to the Consultative Jurisdiction of the Court (Art.64 of the American Convention on Human Rights),Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1982) 48

Questions & Comments 54

Paul Mahoney,Judicial Activism and Judicial Self-Restraint in the European Court of Human Rights,11 HUM.RTS.L.J.57 (1990) 54

Laurence R.Heifer,Consensus,Coherence and the European Convention on Human Rights,26 CORNELL INT'L L.J.133 (1993) 56

Questions & Comments 68

2.3. Principles of Liability 71

Dinah L.Shelton,Private Violence,Public Wrongs,and the Responsibility of States,13 FORDHAM INT'L L.J.1 (1990) 71

Questions & Comments 74

2.3.1. State Liability 75

Instruments 81

Velasquez Rodriguez v.Honduras,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1988) 81

Questions & Comments 86

Francisco Forrest Martin,"U.S.Opposition to the International Criminal Court:What Now?" 1 Accountability 2-8 (2002) 90

Questions & Comments 96

X.and Y.v.The Netherlands,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1985) 96

Questions & Comments 99

ANDREW CLAPHAM,HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PRIVATE SPHERE 93-104 (1993) 100

Questions & Comments 102

2.3.2. Individual Liability: State and Non-State Actors 103

Instruments 110

Superior Responsibility 110

Memorial Amicus Curiae submitted by Rights International,Benavides Cevallos v.Ecuador,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1998) 110

Questions & Comments 114

Prosecutor v.Kayishema & Ruzindana,ICTR (2001) 115

Questions & Comments 121

2.3.3. Conspiracy and Corporate Responsibility 122

Judgment for the Trial of German Major War Criminals,International Military Tribunal (1946) 122

Questions & Comments 131

Steven R.Ratner,Corporations and Human Rights: A Theory of Legal Responsibility,111 YALE L.J.443 (2001) 132

2.3.4. Defenses 147

Statute of the International Criminal Court,Articles 31 and 33 147

State and Official Immunity 148

Al-Adsani v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(2001) 148

Questions & Comments 159

Democratic Republic of Congo v.Belgium,ICJ (2002) 159

Questions & Comments 163

Combat Immunity 164

Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Protection of Prisoners of War 164

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) 165

Questions & Comments 168

Superior Orders,Coercion,and Duress 168

In re Ohlendorf and Others (Einsatzgruppen Trial),IMT (1948) 168

Questions & Comments 171

Other Viable and Non-Viable Defenses 171

3. INCORPORATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW IN U.S.LAW&U.S.Constitution 175

3.1. Construction Rules 175

3.1.1. Constitutional Construction 175

3.1.1.1. Mandatory International Legal Construction Rule 176

Francisco Forrest Martin,Our Constitution as Federal Treaty:A New Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World,31 HASTINGS CONST.L.QUART.258 (2004) 176

Questions & Comments 189

3.1.1.2. Persuasive Authority Rule 189

Lawrence v.Texas,539 U.S.558 (2003) 189

Questions & Comments 191

3.1.2. Federal and State Statutory Construction 191

3.1.2.1. Federal Mandatory Rule:The Charming Betsy and Rossi Rules 191

Weinberger v.Rossi,456 U.S.25 (1982) 191

Questions & Comments 192

Curtis A.Bradley,The Charming Betsy Canon and Separation of Powers:Rethinking the Interpretive Role of International Law,86 GEO.L.J.479,495-533 (1998) 192

Questions & Comments 203

3.1.2.2. Persuasive Authority Rule 203

Laurence R.Heifer and Alice M.Miller,Sexual Orientation and Human Rights:Toward a United States and Transnational Jurisprudence,9 HARV.HUM.RTS.J.61 (1996) 203

Questions & Comments 205

3.2. Conflict Rules 205

3.2.1. Treaties and Federal Statutes:The Last-in-Time Rule 205

Chae Chan Ping v.United States (The Chinese Exclusion Case),130 U.S.581 (1889) 205

Questions & Comments 212

Francisco Forrest Martin,Our Constitution as Federal Treaty:A New Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World,31 HASTINGS CONST.L.QUART.258 (2004) 212

3.2.2. Customary International Law and Other Federal Law:The Garcia-Mir Rule 216

Garcia-Mir v.Meese,788 F.2d 1446 (11th Cir.1986) 217

Questions & Comments 219

Francisco Forrest Martin,Our Constitution as Federal Treaty:A New Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World,31 HASTINGS CONST.L.QUART.258 (2004) 219

3.3. Self-Execution Doctrine 220

3.3.1. Treaties 220

FRANCISCO FORREST MARTIN,CHALLENGING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS:USING INTERNATIONAL LAW IN U.S.COURTS (2001) 221

Questions & Comments 235

John C.Yoo,Globalism and the Constitution:Treaties,Non-Self-Execution,and the Original Understanding,99 COLUM.L.REV.1955(1999) 236

Questions & Comments 239

John C.Yoo,Rejoinder,Treaties and Public Lawmaking:A Textual and Structural Defense of Non-Self-Execution,99 COLUM.L.REV.2218,2233 et passim (1999) 240

Questions & Comments 244

Francisco Forrest Martin,Our Constitution as Federal Treaty:A New Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World,31 HASTINGS CONST.L.QUART.258 (2004) 246

3.3.2. Customary International Law 254

Sosa v.Alvarez-Machain,124 S.Ct.2739 (2004) 254

Questions & Comments 267

4. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TRIBUNAL PROCEDURE AND REMEDIES 270

4.1. Jurisdiction 270

Advisory Opinion,Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1989) 271

Bankovic and Others v.Belgium and Others,Eur.Ct.H.R.(2001) 276

Francisco Forrest Martin,The International Human Rights Aspects of the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine,35 U.MIAMI INTER-AM.L.REV.101,106--109 (2003) 284

4.2 Standing 286

A group of associations...v.Italy,UNHRC (1990) 287

Questions & Comments 288

4.3. Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies 289

Velasquez Rodriguez v.Honduras,Preliminary Objections,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1989) 291

Questions & Comments 294

Advisory Opinion,Exceptions to the Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies in Cases of Indigency or Inability to Obtain Legal Representation Because of a Generalized Fear Within the Legal Community,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1990) 295

Questions & Comments 301

4.4. Remedies and State Compliance 301

Restitution 302

Satisfaction 304

Indemnity 305

Questions & Comments 305

5. SUBSTANTIVE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW PROTECTIONS 307

5.1. Fundamental International Human Rights Protections 307

5.1.1. Rights to Life and Humane Treatment 307

Instruments 315

Torture;Cruel,Inhuman,Degrading Treatment or Punishment;and Sexual Violence 315

Ireland v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1978) 315

Questions & Comments 320

Hernandez Rivas v.El Salvador,Inter-Am.Cm.H.R.(1994) 322

Questions & Comments 326

UNHRC General Comment 20 (Article 7) 326

Abortion 329

"The Baby Boy" Case,Inter-Am.Cm.H.R.(1981) 330

Questions & Comments 332

Vo v.France,Eur.Ct.H.R.(2004) 333

Questions & Comments 338

Death Penalty 339

Instruments 339

Domingues v.United States,Inter-Am.Cm.H.R.(2002) 339

Questions & Comments 351

Soering v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1989) 351

Questions & Comments 357

Judge v.Canada,UNHRC (2003) 361

Questions & Comments 364

Abductions,Disappearances,and Summary Executions 364

Saldias de Lopez v.Uruguay,UNHRC (1981) 365

Questions & Comments 369

Velasquez Rodriguez v.Honduras,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1988) 370

Questions & Comments 370

5.1.2. Rights to Personal Security and Liberty 371

Instruments 374

Murray v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1994) 374

Questions & Comments 389

Suarez Rosero v.Ecuador,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1997) 391

Questions & Comments 398

Advisory Opinion,Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1987) 399

Questions & Comments 399

5.1.3. Right to Freedom from Discrimination 404

Instruments 407

Intentional Discrimination 407

Advisory Opinion,Proposed Amendments to the Naturalization Provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1984) 407

Questions & Comments 414

Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v.Portugal,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1999) 416

Questions & Comments 420

Unintentional and Disparate Impact Discrimination 421

Simunek,Hastings,Tuzilova and Prochazka v.The Czech Republic,UNHRC(1995) 421

Questions & Comments 425

Abdulaziz,Cabales and Balkandali v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1985) 425

Questions & Comments 444

Affirmative Action 447

Marschall v.Land Nordrhein-Westfalen,Eur.Ct.J.(1997) 447

Questions & Comments 452

5.2. International Humanitarian Law Protections and Human Rights-Related International Crimes 453

5.2.1. Genocide 453

Instruments 454

Prosecutor v.Akayesu,ICTR (1998) 454

Questions & Comments 473

5.2.2. Crimes Against Humanity 475

Instruments 477

Prosecutor v.Tadic (Final Judgment),ICTY (1997) 477

Questions & Comments 490

Prosecutor v.Akayesu,ICTR (1998) 492

Questions & Comments 502

5.2.3. War Crimes 503

Instruments 522

International and Noninternational Conflicts 522

Prosecutor v.Tadic (Final Judgment),ICTY (1997) 522

Questions & Comments 527

The Proportionality Rule and Superfluous Injury and Unnecessary Suffering (SIrUS) Rule 529

Francisco Forrest Martin,Using International Human Rights Law for Establishing a Unified Use of Force Rule in the Law of Armed Conflict,64(2) SASK.L.REV.347 (2002) 529

Questions & Comments 533

Rights International Memorial Amicus Curiae in Prosecutor v.Galic,ICTY (2003) 534

Questions & Comments 542

FRANCISCO FORREST MARTIN,CHALLENGING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS:USING INTERNATIONAL LAW IN U.S.COURTS 130--41 (2001) 543

5.3. Criminal and Civil Procedural Rights 552

Instruments 563

Presumption of Innocence 563

Allenet de Ribemont v.France,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1995) 563

Questions & Comments 567

Assistance of Legal Counsel 568

Grant v.Jamaica,UNHRC (1994) 568

Questions & Comments 573

Advisory Opinion,The Right to Information on Consular Assistance in the Framework of the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law Inter-American Court of Human Rights,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(1999) 577

Questions & Comments 589

Judicial and Jury Impartiality 590

Andrews v.United States,Inter-Am.Cm.H.R.(1997) 590

Questions & Comments 604

Equality of Arms:Examination of Witnesses and Documents 604

Harward v.Norway,UNHRC (1994) 604

Questions & Comments 606

Edwards v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1992) 609

Questions & Comments 619

Kostovski v.The Netherlands,Eur.Ct.H.R (1989) 619

Questions & Comments 630

Prosecutor v.Kayishema & Ruzindana,ICTR (2001) 632

Questions & Comments 634

Self-incrimination 634

Funke v.France,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1993) 634

Questions & Comments 639

Length of Proceedings 640

Firmenich v.Argentina,Inter-Am.Cm.H.R.(1989) 640

Questions & Comments 644

Retrospective Criminal Laws 646

Welch v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1995) 646

Questions & Comments 652

Punishment 653

Instruments 655

Prosecutor v.Kambanda,ICTR (2000) 655

Questions & Comments 657

5.4. Rights to Privacy and Respect for Family Life 659

Instruments 662

Surveillance,Search and Seizure,and the Exclusionary Rule 662

Peck v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(2003) 662

Questions & Comments 670

Klass and Others v.Germany,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1978) 670

Questions & Comments 676

Garcia Perez v.Peru,Inter-Am.Cm.H.R.(1995) 678

Questions & Comments 680

Cremieux v.France,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1993) 680

Questions & Comments 684

Sexual Orientation and Practice 685

Toonen v.Australia,UNHRC.(1994) 685

Questions & Comments 689

Transgendered Persons 692

Goodwin v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(2002) 692

Questions & Comments 711

Parental Rights and the Right to Familial Integrity 711

Fei v.Colombia,UNHRC (1995) 711

Questions & Comments 719

Abortion 724

Bruggemann and Scheuten v.Federal Republic of Germany,Eur.Cm.H.R.(1977) 724

Questions & Comments 727

Paton v.United Kingdom,Eur.Cm.H.R.(1980) 729

Questions & Comments 734

5.5. Freedom of Conscience 734

Instruments 736

Kokkinakis v.Greece,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1993) 736

Questions & Comments 747

5.6. Freedom of Expression 750

Instruments 753

Defamation 753

Lingens v.Austria,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1986) 753

Questions & Comments 762

Offensive Expression 768

J.R.T.and the W.G.Party v.Canada,UNHRC.(1983) 768

Questions & Comments 770

Muller and Others v.Switzerland,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1988) 772

Questions & Comments 786

Open Door Counselling and Dublin Well Woman v.Ireland,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1992) 790

Questions & Comments 800

National Security 803

THE OBSERVER AND GUARDIAN V.United Kingdom ("The Spycatcher Case"),Eur.Ct.H.R.(1991) 803

Questions & Comments 822

Media Access and Licensing,and Commercial Expression 825

Barthold v.Federal Republic of Germany,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1985) 825

Questions & Comments 840

5.7. Freedom of Association and Assembly 844

Instruments 846

Plattform 'Artze fur das Leben' v.Austria,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1988) 846

Questions & Comments 849

5.8. Right to Marriage 851

Instruments 852

Goodwin v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(2002) 852

Questions & Comments 854

Johnston v.Ireland,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1986) 855

Questions & Comments 864

5.9. Right to Vote 866

Instruments 869

Statehood Solidarity Committee v.United States,Inter-Am.Cm H.R.(2003) 869

Questions & Comments 880

5.10. Economic,Social,and Cultural Rights 881

Instruments 891

The Nature of States Parties Obligations,ECOSOC Ctte.General Comment No.3(1990) 891

Questions & Comments 894

Five Pensioners Case,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(2003) 895

Questions & Comments 899

5.10.1. Employment 900

Advisory Opinion,Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(2003) 900

Questions & Comments 911

5.10.2. Property 911

Instruments 913

The Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v.Nicaragua,Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.(2001) 913

Questions & Comments 915

James v.United Kingdom,Eur.Ct.H.R.(1986) 916

Questions & Comments 930

Stran Greek Refineries and Stratis Andreadis v.Greece (Merits),Eur.Ct.H.R.(1994) 931

Questions & Comments 936

6. THEORY AND CRITIQUE 938

RICHARD FALK,THE END OF WORLD ORDER: ESSAYS ON NORMATIVE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (1983) 938

Questions & Comments 940

LOUIS HENKIN,THE AGE OF RIGHTS (1990) 941

Questions & Comments 943

Yash Ghai,Universalism and Relativism: Human Rights as a Framework for Negotiating Inter ethnic Claims,21 CARDOZO L.REV.1095--1102(2000) 944

Abdullah Ahmen An-Na'im,Human Rights in the Muslim World:Socio-Political Conditions and Scriptural Imperatives,3 HARV.HUM.RTS.J.13(1990) 949

Questions & Comments 956

Hilary Charlesworth,Christine Chinkin 8c Shelley Wright,Feminist Approaches to International Law,85 AM.J.INT'L L.613 (1991) 956

Questions & Comments 958

Thomas M.Franck,Legitimacy in the International System,82 AM.J.INT'L L.705(1988) 958

David Kennedy,The International Human Rights Movement:Part of the Problem?,15 HARV.HUM.RTS.J.101 (2002) 967

Questions & Comments 986

INDEX 987