MARITIME LAW SIXTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

1 OWNERSHIP AND REGISTRATION 1

Ownership 1

Co-ownership 2

Ownership and registration 2

Who can own a British ship？ 3

Historical development 4

The Merchant Shipping （Registration etc） Act 1993 7

Merchant Shipping Act 1995 9

Entitlement 9

Port of registry 10

Central register of British ships 10

Marking requirements 12

Refusal to register 12

The certificate of registry 13

Transmission of ownership 15

Transfer of ownership 16

Removal from the register 16

Registration in overseas territories 17

Bareboat charter 18

Small ships register 19

Open registries 20

The International Transport Workers Federation 21

Registration 23

2 SHIP MORTGAGES 25

Mortgage of ship at common law 26

Modern form of statutory mortgage 26

How may an equitable mortgage be effected？ 28

Registration of statutory mortgages 28

Legal mortgage of a registered ship （or share） 29

The vital significance of registration 29

Priorities 30

What is a collateral deed？ 31

Transfer of a registered mortgage 31

What is transferred under the mortgage？ 32

Fishing nets on trawlers 32

What happens when a mortgage is discharged？ 32

What are the rights of the mortgagor？ 33

Insurance 33

Power of a mortgagor to sell the ship 34

To what extent has the mortgagor the right to redeem？ 35

What are the rights of the mortgagee？ 36

Default in mortgage repayments 36

Endangering the security 36

The mortgagee in possession 39

Actual possession 39

Constructive possession 39

The right of a mortgagee to foreclose on the mortgage 39

Power of sale of a mortgagee 40

The position of mortgagee when vessel removed from British registry 43

Improper exercise of a mortgagee’s powers 43

What is a certificate of mortgage？ 44

Contents of certificate 44

Convention 46

3 SALE OF SHIP AND SHIPBUILDING CONTRACTS 48

Sale of ship 48

What is a sale？ 48

When is a binding agreement reached？ 49

Representations 51

Innocent misrepresentations 51

The rule in Hedley Byrne 52

Economic loss under Hedley Byrne 52

Misrepresentation Act 1967 53

Fraudulent misrepresentations 55

Breaches of contract may be conditions， warranties or intermediate terms 56

What is a condition？ 56

What is a warranty？ 56

What is an intermediate term？ 57

Implied conditions and warranties 57

Express conditions 58

Contract term implied by court to give ‘business efficacy’ 60

The ability of a seller to exclude his liability 60

What is a consumer sale？ 61

What is an international sale？ 61

When does property pass？ 63

What are the seller’s duties？ 65

What are the buyer’s duties？ 65

What are the seller’s remedies？ 65

What are the buyer’s remedies？ 66

What is the position when the ship is under charter at time of sale？ 67

Sale and purchase practice 68

Norwegian Saleform 1993 70

Execution of bill of sale 73

The use of ‘Mareva’ jurisdiction 74

Shipbuilding contracts 75

Formation of contract 76

Duties of a builder 79

Doctrine of frustration 79

Passing of risk 79

Destruction of ship being built 80

What are the builder’s remedies？ 80

What are the buyer’s remedies？ 83

4 ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION， MARITIME CLAIMS， LIENS AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 88

Admiralty jurisdiction 88

Supreme Court Act 1981 90

Supreme Court Act 1981， section 22 99

Exercise of jurisdiction 99

Nature of action in rem 100

Advantages of in rem action 100

Procedure for an action in rem 100

Renewal of validity of claim form 102

Arrest of a ship 103

‘Alternative ship arrest’ 105

Meaning of ‘beneficially owning’ 108

Procedural aspects of arrest of a ship 113

Wrongful arrest 118

What is a maritime lien？ 119

Maritime liens and the conflict of laws 119

‘Other charge’ 128

‘Ship repairer’s lien’ 128

The Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 （The Brussels Convention） 129

Stay or dismissal of proceedings 137

Position where there is a pre-existing arbitration clause 142

Section 34 of the Civil Jurisdictions and Judgments Act 145

What is the appropriate forum？ 146

Jurisdiction clauses 158

Anti-suit injunctions 165

Immunity of State-owned vessels 167

5 CHARTERPARTIES 168

Demise charterparties 168

Trip charters 169

Slot charterparties 171

Time charterparties 171

Subject details （charterparties generally） 172

Obligations of seaworthiness （time or voyage charterparties） 172

Time charters 173

Performance—speed and consumption 174

Bottom fouling 175

How should speed and consumption claims be calculated？ 175

Method （a） 176

Method （b） 177

Charterparty bunkering disputes 178

Safe ports 179

Off-hire 181

Net loss of time 181

Events preventing the full working of the vessel 182

Deficiency of men 183

Detention by average acts 183

What is meant by the words ‘any other cause preventing the full working of the vessel’？ 183

A right to make deductions from hire 184

Express deductions 185

Equitable deductions 185

Equitable set off 185

Delivery of cargo without production of original bills of lading 186

Deck cargo 188

Liens 189

Where and when should a possessory lien on cargo be exercised？ 190

Lien on sub-freights 191

Right to lien sub-sub-freights 192

Authority to sign bills of lading 192

What are the duties of a Master re signing bills？ 193

To what extent may the Master delegate his authority to sign 195

How far down a charterparty ‘chain’ may this authority extend？ 195

Indemnity provisions 196

Shipowner’s implied right of indemnity 196

How does an implied indemnity differ from the right to damages for breach of contract？ 197

To what extent can the question of identity of the carrier be resolved when the vessel is under time charter？ 197

The Inter-Club agreement 199

General description 199

Is the Inter-Club agreement legally binding？ 200

What is meant by a ‘properly settled’ claim？ 201

What happens about recoverability of legal costs under the agreement？ 202

Inter-Club agreement—1996 version 203

Obligation to pay hire and the right of withdrawal of vessel for non-payment 205

Payment to be made in cash 205

Withdrawal must be permanent， not temporary 205

Anti-technicality clauses 206

Redelivery 207

What is meant by the ‘illegitimate last voyage’？ 207

NYPE ’93 209

Voyage charterparties 214

The charterer’s right to cancel 215

Arrival at loading port 216

Where must a vessel have reached before it can be said to have arrived in the legal sense？ 216

Notice of readiness 216

Can an invalid NOR become validated when a ship does become ultimately in all respects ready？ 217

Laytime 218

When does laytime commence？ 218

Does laytime commence immediately all three of these conditions are met？ 219

Who pays for waiting time？ 219

How is laytime calculated？ 220

Excepted periods from laytime 222

Used laytime 224

What is demurrage？ 224

Despatch money 224

‘Full and complete’ cargo 225

Freight 227

How is freight calculated？ 227

Quantity/quality determination 227

Can deduction be made from freight by way of equitable set-off？ 228

Deadfreight 228

Clause 2 of the Gencon charterparty 228

What is meant by the word ‘personal’ in the context of Clause 2？ 229

What is meant by repudiation？ 229

Lack of clarity in Charterparty text itself 230

How is a repudiatory breach to be analysed？ 230

The innocent party may choose to affirm 232

Maritime arbitration （commentary on significant aspects of London’s arbitration service） 232

General comments 232

Private sector litigation 232

Commercial service 233

Pre-1996 Right of appeal 234

Arbitrator’s powers including power to dismiss cases for want of prosecution 235

Time limits 236

Extension of time 236

The Arbitration Act 1996 236

The award 240

Right of appeal 240

Can parties exclude judicial review？ 240

Costs 241

What is meant by a ‘sealed offer’？ 241

Doctrine of precedent does not apply 241

6 BILLS OF LADING 243

Three-role function 243

What happens when the Bill is endorsed over to an innocent third partyfor value？ 244

The passing of property in the goods 245

Straight bills and Seaway bills 246

Who is the carrier？ 249

Identity of carrier clause （33） 250

Demise clause （35） 250

What is or was UCP 500？ 252

Non-production of Bills of Lading at the time of delivery of cargo 253

Clean Bills of Lading 256

The nature and extent of the Master’s authority to sign 258

Transfer of the title to sue 260

The Himalaya Clause 264

The Hague and Hague-Visby Rules 269

Deviation （in the geographical sense） 273

To what extent does the commission of a fundamental breach deprive a carrier of his contractual exceptions or limitations？ 274

The Hague-Visby Rules 276

Incorporation of Charterparinto Bill of Lading 278

Electronic Bills of Lading 281

7 COLLISIONS 283

Loss or damage caused without actual contact 284

The ‘agony of the moment’ defence 286

International regulations for the prevention of collisions at sea 287

Causative potency 307

The ‘last opportunity’ rule 308

Presumption of fault 310

The 1910 Collision Convention and the Maritime Conventions Act 1911 311

Loss of life/personal injury claims 313

Multiple collision situations 313

Elder Brethren and Nautical Assessors 315

Limitation period 316

Brief summary of legal procedure in pursuit of a collision claim 317

‘Tug and tow’ situations 318

The divided damages rule 320

Division of loss 320

（1） Collision involving damage to ship only 320

（2） Collision involving ship and cargo damage only 321

（3） Collision involving ship and cargo damage and loss of life and personal injury to crew 322

Differences of United States law 323

Measure of damages after collision 324

Measure of damages where ship is damaged but not lost 326

Ascertaining the remoteness of damage 328

Should losses following a breach of contract be treated differently from losses resulting from a tort？ 330

8 SALVAGE 335

Maritime property 336

Life salvage 336

Voluntariness 337

Instances where the crew of a ship in distress can claim salvage 338

The position of a passenger claiming as salvor 340

Real danger 340

Part Ⅱ 342

The salvage service must be successful if only partially 343

When may a charterer be entitled to claim salvage？ 343

When may a cargo-owner be entitled to claim salvage？ 344

Lloyd’s form of salvage agreement （LOF 80） 345

The Master’s ostensible authority 348

The International Convention of Salvage 1989 351

Special compensation for preventing or minimising damage to the environment 355

Lloyd’s form of salvage agreement （LOF 90） 355

Lloyd’s form of salvage agreement （LOF 95） 361

Nagasaki Spirit 362

LOF 2000 366

Who contributes to a salvage award？ 367

How are values assessed？ 368

Ships 368

Cargo 368

Freight at risk 369

Pro rata payment of the salvage award 370

Apportionment as between owners， master and crew of salving vessel 371

Apportionment amongst various sets of salvors or salving ships 373

Wrongful dispossession of earlier salvors by later salvors 374

Possessory rights of a salvor 375

To what extent may a salvor be held legally responsible for the consequences of his negligence？ 376

A salvor’s ability to limit liability 377

What happens if and when a wrongdoer ‘turns salvor’？ 378

Circuity of action in the context of salvage actions 379

Time limit 380

When does towage become salvage？ 381

9 TOWAGE 383

Tug-owner’s right to limit liability 391

In what circumstances may towage be converted into a salvage service？ 392

10 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY 394

Historical development 394

The limitation fund 395

Application of limitation after maritime collision between two vessels at fault 398

Tug and tow situations 399

The Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976 401

Article 1： Persons entitled to limit liability 401

Article 2.1： Claims subject to limitation 403

Article 2.2 404

Article 3： Claims excepted from limitation 405

Article 4： Conduct barring limitation 406

Article 5： Counterclaims 410

Article 6： The general limits 410

Article 7： The limit for passenger claims 412

Article 9： Aggregation of claims 413

Article 10： Limitation of liability without constitution of a limitation fund 414

Article 11： Constitution of the fund 414

Article 12： Distribution of the fund 416

Article 13： Bar to other actions 417

Article 14： Governing law 419

Time limitations 419

Protocol of 1996 421

11 OIL POLLUTION 424

International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution 1969 426

Compulsory insurance 428

International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation 1971 428

Where does fund incur no obligation？ 429

How much in total is the fund obliged to pay out？ 429

‘Roll-back relief’ （Article 5） 429

How pollution damage is variously defined 430

Difference between preventive measures and threat removal measures 431

Environmental damage 431

1992 Civil Liability Convention 433

Liability 434

Limitation of liability 434

Compulsory insurance 436

The Fund Convention 1992 437

What are the exceptions to the obligations of the fund to pay compensation？ 438

What is the maximum amount of compensation the fund must pay out？ 438

Conversion of units of account 439

There should be a fair distribution of compensation 439

Who contributes to the fund？ 439

Can complete uniformity and reciprocity ever be truly achieved？ 439

International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution 2001 440

New development by the IMO of an extra （third） tier of funding 441

US Oil Pollution legislation 441

Who can be liable？ 442

Circumstances creating liability 442

Are there any exceptions to liability？ 442

Can a responsible party limit his liability？ 442

What will ‘break’ limitation？ 442

Financial responsibility under OPA 1990 444

Do victims fare better under OPA 90 or 1992 Convention？ 444

Insurance for oil pollution liabilities 444

12 PASSENGERS 446

Athens Convention 450

Basis of liability 451

Limit of liability 451

Loss of right to limit 453

Time bar for legal action 454

Compulsory insurance 457

Luggage and vehicles 457

13 PILOTAGE 459

What is a pilot？ 459

What is compulsory pilotage？ 463

Defence of compulsory pilotage 466

Geographical application of Pilotage Act 466

Obligations under the compulsory pilotage provisions 467

Right of authorized pilot to supersede unauthorized pilot 468

What constitutes an offer of pilotage services？ 469

Misconduct of pilot 470

Limitation of a pilot’s liability 470

A pilot authority’s right to limit 471

Pilotage charges 472

APPENDICES 473

Appendix 1 Merchant Shipping Act 1995 473

Appendix 2 Memorandum of Agreement （Norwegian Saleform 1993） 476

Appendix 3 New York Produce Exchange Form 1946 484

Appendix 4 Inter-Club New York Produce Exchange Agreement （1996） 487

Appendix 5 GENCON 490

Appendix 6 Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement （1995 revision） and Salvage Agreement Procedural Rules 494

Appendix 7 United Kingdom Standard Conditions for Towage and Other Services （revised 1986） 503

Appendix 8 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1992 507

Appendix 9 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992 518

Appendix 10 SCOPIC 2000 clause， supplementary to any Lloyd’s Form Salvage Agreement ‘No Cure-No Pay’ （Main Agreement） 535

Appendix 11 LOF 2000 Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement 540

Appendix 12 Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea， 1974， Articles 1-25 543

Appendix 13 Protocol of 1996 to amend the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims of 19 November 1976， Articles 1-15 557

Index 563