SHAPING THE LAW FOR GLOBAL CRISESPDF电子书下载

Part Ⅰ General Topics 3

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Paradise Lost? 3

1.2 A World of Misery: Doom or Reality? 5

1.3 Comparing Apples and Oranges? 6

1.4 Compelling Reasons to Adopt a Broader View 7

1.5 The Aim of the Book 9

1.6 Mission Impossible from Scratch Onwards? 10

2 Climate Change 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 The Phenomenon Climate Change 11

2.3 The Impact of Climate Change 13

2.4 A Not Undisputed View 14

2.5 Climate Change Allegedly Already Causes Major Harm World-wide 17

2.6 Climate Change Broadly Perceived as a Serious Threat with Potentially Far-Reaching Consequences 19

2.7 An Economic Perspective 21

2.8 A Political Deadlock 22

2.9 Potential Solutions 24

3 The Doom of Unsustainability in Other Fields 27

4 The Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath 31

5 A Remarkable Meeting of Minds 37

5.1 Introduction 37

5.2 The Goal of the Principles 38

5.3 The Core of the Principles 39

5.3.1 Introduction 39

5.3.2 Liability of States for Human Rights Abuses by Enterprises 40

5.3.3 The Obligations Vested on and Liability of Enterprises for Human Rights Violations 41

5.3.4 Extension of Enterprises’ Obligations 42

5.3.5 Due Diligence 42

5.4 A Bold and Useful Step Forward, but Fraught with Risk 43

5.5 The ‘Reception’ of the Principles 44

5.6 Conclusion 45

Part Ⅱ Climate Change as Pars Pro Toto 49

6 Introduction: Could the Law Serve as Crowbar to Come to Grips with Climate Change? 49

7 The Vital Role of the Judiciary 51

8 Enforceable Obligations towards Future Generations? 55

8.1 Introduction 55

8.2 Legal Aspects 56

8.3 Which Obligations Do We Have towards Future Generations? 59

9 Precautionary Principle 61

9.1 Introduction 61

9.2 What Is the Precautionary Principle about? 61

9.3 Precautionary Principle Embedded in the Law 62

9.4 But the Assumptions May Turn Out to Be Mistaken 64

9.5 Conclusion 65

10 Legal Bases for Litigation （in Case Need Would Be） 67

10.1 Introduction 67

10.2 International Law 68

10.3 Human Rights 71

10.3.1 Introduction 71

10.3.2 Climate Change as a Human Rights Issue 72

10.3.3 Unorthodox Exercises 75

10.3.4 The Widest Possible Spectre 80

10.3.5 Making Things More Concrete 82

10.3.6 The Role of Enterprises 82

10.3.7 Conclusion 85

10.4 National Tort Law 86

10.4.1 Introduction 87

10.4.2 The Hard Core of Tort Law 88

10.4.3 Prima Facie Arguably not so Obvious Analogies 90

10.4.4 Conclusion 92

10.5 Historical Contributions （the Temporal Dimension） 92

10.5.1 Introduction 92

10.5.2 How to Deal with the Wrongfulness of Emissions in the （Distant） Past? 93

10.6 Last ‘Drop’ 97

11 The Law in Ever Growing Imbalance 99

11.1 Introduction 99

11.2 Potential Arguments to Butter the Defendant’s Case 99

11.3 Unrelated, but Still Important Analogies 101

11.4 Conclusion 103

12 How Far Should GHG-Emissions Be Reduced? 107

12.1 Introduction 107

12.2 The Meaning of ‘Developed’ Country 109

12.3 Obligations of States 110

12.3.1 The Common but Differentiated Responsibilities as a Starting Point? 110

12.3.2 Preliminary Questions 111

12.3.2.1 Introduction 111

12.3.2.2 What Can Be Done? 112

12.3.3 Making Obligations of Developed Countries More Concrete: A First Try 114

12.3.4 The Concept of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities 117

12.3.5 Various Submissions by Others to Attach a Concrete Meaning to CDR 121

12.3.6 Obligations per Capita or per Country? 127

12.3.7 Relevant Criteria 129

12.3.8 A New Try to Develop Criteria 133

12.3.8.1 Starting Points 133

12.3.8.2 A Need for Reconsideration 134

12.3.8.3 New Submissions 135

12.3.9 Who Should Assume the Obligations of the ‘Unwilling’? 138

12.3.9.1 Introduction 138

12.3.9.2 Legal Obligations to Step in Where Others Fail? 139

12.3.9.3 Conclusion 141

12.3.10 Obligations of Enterprises 142

12.3.10.1 Introduction 142

12.3.10.2 International Law and Enterprises 142

12.3.10.3 The Obligations of Enterprises 143

12.3.10.4 Obligations of Private Persons 150

13 Liability of Others 151

13.1 D＆O-Liability 151

13.2 Various Targets 153

13.2.1 Introduction 153

13.2.2 Insurance Industry 156

13.2.3 Banking Industry 159

13.2.4 Pension Funds 160

13.2.5 Supervisory Institutions 160

13.2.6 Conclusion 160

14 Defenses 163

14.1 Introduction 163

14.2 The Political Argument 163

14.3 Difficulties to Sort Out the Necessary Facts 165

14.4 Compliance with Permits, National Law or the Targets Set in Interna-tional Agreements 166

14.4.1 No Agreement Can Be Reached, so It Is a Lawless Realm 166

14.4.2 Not Beyond the Targets of International Agreements? 167

14.4.3 Compliance with National Law 170

14.4.4 Compliance with Permits 170

14.4.5 The Alleged Lack of Clarity about the Law as It Stands 171

14.4.6 Waiting for Advances in Technology? 172

15 Causation 175

15.1 Introduction 175

15.2 The Adverse Effects Would Have Occurred Anyway 175

15.3 Minimal Causation 176

15.4 No Causal Link between the Damage in Point and the Defendant’s GHG-Emissions 178

15.5 Opening the Floodgates? Ways to Keep Liability within Reasonable Limits 178

16 Remedies 181

16.1 Introduction 181

16.2 Damages 181

16.2.1 Introduction 181

16.2.2 Arguments for Compensation 182

16.2.3 The Dilemma of Crushing Liability? 184

16.2.4 A Choice between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea 187

16.2.5 How to Keep Liability within Bearable Limits 189

16.2.6 Conclusion 190

16.3 Adaptation Cost 191

16.4 Mitigation Cost 193

16.5 Injunctive Relief 194

16.5.1 Introduction 194

16.5.2 Requirements for Injunctive Relief 195

16.5.2.1 Introduction 195

16.5.2.2 The Requirements for Injunctions 195

16.5.2.3 Clean Hands 196

16.5.2.4 Mission Impossible? 196

16.6 Declaratory Relief 198

17 Criminal Responses 201

18 Other Strategies 207

19 The Importance of Collecting the ‘Right’ Information 213

20 A Search for the Right Allies 217

Part Ⅲ Lessons for Other Looming Crises 225

21 How to Deal with Financial Crises, （Un）sustainable Development and the Eradication of Poverty? 225

21.1 Introduction 225

21.2 Financial Crises 225

21.2.1 The Causes of the Financial Crises 225

21.2.2 An Information Gap 226

21.2.3 Legal Obligations 227

21.2.4 The Way Ahead: Ex Ante Measures 228

21.2.5 The New Way Ahead: Ex Post Steps 231

21.2.6 A Search for Allies 232

21.2.7 Conclusion 232

21.3 Sustainable Development 233

21.3.1 Introduction 233

21.3.2 Attaching Legal Significance to Pledges 234

21.3.3 Emphasis Should Be Put on Prevention 234

21.3.4 Making Obligations more Concrete 235

21.3.5 Other Issues 237

21.4 Eradication of Poverry 237

Part Ⅳ Law Reform and Epilogue 241

22 Law Reform Desirable 241

23 Epilogue 243

Bibliography 247

Table of Cases 271