JUVENILE CRIME AND JUSTICEPDF电子书下载

1.Age of Responsibility 1

The Legal Regulation of Childhood and Adolescence 2

History of Criminal Responsibility 4

Human Rights and the Age of Responsibility 6

Most Violated Treaty 6

Pro: Supporting Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility 7

Circumventing the Juvenile Justice System 7

Moral and Cognitive Reasoning 8

Actual Juvenile Crime Rates 8

Con: Opposing Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility 9

Excuse or Full Responsibility 9

Fallout From the Era of the “Child Savers” 9

Essential to Intervene 10

Developing Guidelines for Age Limits 11

2.Alternative Schools 15

The History of Alternative Schools 17

The 1960s and 1970s 17

The 1990s: Rising Worries of Violence 18

2000s: No Child Left Behind 18

Selecting Students for Alternative Schools 19

Types of Alternative Schools 20

Continuation High Schools and Private Examples 21

Characteristics of Alternative Schools 22

Pro: Arguments in Support of Alternative Schools 22

Con: Arguments in Opposition to Alternative Schools 23

Do Alternative Schools Work? 24

Methodological Problems in the Research 25

Public Opinion 26

3.At-Risk Youth 29

Defining the At-Risk Youth 30

Predisposing Factors 30

Demographic Factors 30

Personality Traits 31

Familial Contexts 32

Social Context 33

Influence of Violence and Conflicting Standards in Society 33

Identifying the At-Risk Youth 34

Problems at School and Home 35

Behavioral and Social Indications 35

Labeling the At-Risk Youth 36

Prevalence 37

High School Dropouts 37

Sexual Promiscuity and Unprotected Sexual Intercourse 37

Crime and Delinquency 38

Drug and Alcohol Use and Abuse 39

Obesity and Other Health-Related Risks 39

Other High-Risk Behaviors 40

Prevention and Intervention Strategies 40

Pro: Benefits of Prevention Strategies 41

Con: Drawbacks of Prevention Strategies 42

4.Boot Camps 45

History of Boot Camps 46

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Study 46

National Institute of Justice Analysis 47

Recent Trends 48

Backlash at Boot Camps 49

A Cottage Industry 50

Pro: Advantages of Juvenile Boot Camps 51

Completion Rates 51

Competency Development-Educational Outcomes 52

Cost Savings Compared to Incarceration 52

Youth and Public Perceptions 53

Con: Disadvantages of Juvenile Boot Camps 53

A Flawed Theory of Change 53

Allegations of Abuse and Neglect 54

Inconsistent Program Implementation 54

Higher Overall Costs 55

Recidivism Rates 56

5.Curfews 59

History of Curfews 60

1980s: Spike in Violence 61

Legality of Curfews 62

Pro: Arguments in Support of Juvenile Curfews 64

Con: Arguments in Opposition to Juvenile Curfews 65

Juvenile Crime Rates and Types 66

Flawed Data 67

6.Death Penalty for Juvenile Offenders 73

Death Penalty Implementation: Legal Principles 74

Evolving Standards of Decency 75

Application of Principles for Juveniles 75

Thompson v.Oklahoma 76

Stanford v.Kentucky 77

Roper v.Simmons 78

Pro: Support for Death Penalty for Juveniles 80

Justice and Maturity of Judgment 80

A Miscarriage of Justice 81

Con: Opposition to Death Penalty for Juveniles 82

Lack of a Deterrent Effect 82

Juvenile Impulsivity 83

Temporary Lack of Judgment 84

Conclusion 85

7.Group Homes 89

History of Group Homes for Delinquent Youths 90

Who Goes to Group Homes? 91

The Contagion Effect 91

Recent Trends 92

Positive Peer Culture Program 92

Pro: Benefits of Group Homes for Delinquent Youths 94

Home-Like Environment Helps Youths Transition 94

Less Restrictive Than Other Secure Placement Options 95

Less Expensive Than Other Secure Placement Options 96

Con: Drawbacks of Group Homes for Delinquent Youths 96

Mismatched System 96

Influence of Housemate Peers Versus Positive Support 97

Other More Cost-Effective Alternatives 98

Resistance From Local Community 99

Conclusion 100

8.Juvenile Detention Facilities 103

Overview of Juvenile Detention: A Place and a Process 104

Legal Criteria by State 105

History of Juvenile Detention 106

Profile of Detained Youths 107

Alternatives to Secure Juvenile Detention 108

Planning for Change 109

Pro: Benefits of Juvenile Detention Facilities 110

Con: Drawbacks of Juvenile Detention Facilities 111

Denial of Services 112

9.Juvenile Gangs and Delinquency 117

Defining Juvenile Gangs 118

Juvenile Gang Members and Their Lives 119

Research on Gangs Across America 119

Gang Locations 121

Gang Delinquency 122

Responses to Gangs 123

Police Suppression Techniques 123

Prosecutorial and Legislative Suppression Techniques 124

Civil Gang Injunctions 125

Gang Interventions 125

Gang Prevention 126

Pro: Benefits of Gang Prevention Techniques 126

Prosecutorial and Legislative Suppression Techniques 127

Gang Prevention 127

Con: Drawbacks of Gang Prevention Techniques 127

Controversies Surrounding Suppression Techniques 128

Civil Injunctions 129

Gang Interventions 129

Conclusion 129

10.Juvenile Offenders in Adult Courts 131

Differentiating Juvenile and Adult Justice 132

Mechanisms of Transfer 133

Statutory or Legislative Exclusion 134

Who Reaches Adult Court? 135

Transfer Biases 136

What Happens to These Transferred Youths? 138

Pro: Arguments in Support of Juveniles in Adult Court 139

Types of Offender and Transfer Mechanisms 140

Con: Arguments Against Juveniles in Adult Court 141

Modern Advances in Adolescent Research 142

Adult Court Outcomes for Youth 142

Conclusion 143

11.Juveniles in Adult Correctional Facilities 147

Methods for Transferring to the Adult System 148

The Supreme Court: How Harsh of a Sentence? 149

A Glimpse at Daily Life 150

A Profile of Juveniles in Adult Correctional Facilities 151

Pro: Support for Juvenile Transfer to Adult Facilities 152

A Deterrent Effect 153

Con: Opposition to Juvenile Transfer to Adult Facilities 154

Well-Being and Victimization 155

Lack of Programs and Mismatch of Supervision 156

Recidivism Rates 157

Length of Time Served 158

12.Legal Representation 163

History of Legal Representation for Juveniles 164

The 1990s: Assessing Due Process for Juveniles 165

The Case of Roper v.Simmons 167

Current Issues in Legal Representation for Juveniles 168

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 168

Right to Conflict-Free Counsel 169

Right to Consult With Counsel Without Parents 170

Trial Court Abusing Discretion 170

Supervising Good Juvenile Defense Bar Practices 171

Pro: Benefits of Legal Representation for Juveniles 173

Con: Drawbacks of Legal Representation for Juveniles 174

Lack of Oversight 174

The Dilemmas of Counsel 175

Conclusion 175

13.Out-of-Home Placement 179

History of Out-of-Home Placements 181

Early Beginnings 181

The Child-Saving Era of Progressive Reformers 181

The Get-Tough Movement to Modern Placement 183

Pro: Benefits of Out-of-Home Placement 184

Con: Drawbacks of Out-of-Home Placement 185

Psychological and Developmental Problems 186

Disruption of Relationships 187

Culture Shock 187

Out-of-Home Versus Community-Based Interventions 188

Outdated Theories and Programs 189

Disproportionate Numbers of Minorities 190

Conclusion 190

14.Parental Responsibility Laws 195

Contributing to Delinquency 196

Examples of Applied Delinquency Laws 197

Empirical Inquires 199

Parental Responsibility Reestablished 199

Up Close and Personal 200

Street Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act 202

Are the New Laws Constitutional? 202

Pro: Arguments Supporting Parental Responsibility Laws 203

Con: Arguments Opposing Parental Responsibility Laws 204

Conclusion 206

15.Racial Disparities 209

Policy and Paradigm 211

Report of Accountability 212

A Historiographic Analysis of Race in Juvenile Justice 214

Bio-Underclass, Regulation, and “Other” Children 216

Abolition and Juvenile Justice: A Still-Relevant Movement 218

Scholarly Resistance: The Antiabolitionists 220

Pro: Support for the Theory of Racist Juvenile Justice 220

Con: Rejection of the Theory of Racist Juvenile Justice 221

Conclusion 222

16.Scared Straight Programs 225

The History of the Juvenile Awareness Project 226

A Change in Tone 227

The Scared Straight! Documentary 229

Controversy 230

Congressional Inquiry 230

Pro: Advantages of Scared Straight Programs 232

Con: Disadvantages of Scared Straight Programs 233

The Panacea Phenomenon 234

Does the Program Work? Conflicting Answers 235

17.School Violence 240

The Scope of School Violence 242

Bullying 242

Violent Versus Nonviolent Crime 242

Causes of School Violence 243

Psychological Factors 244

School Characteristics and Neighboring Factors 244

Parental Influence 245

Technology and Guns 246

The Cost of School Violence 247

Solving the School Violence Problem 248

Pro: Benefits of Punitive Responses to School Violence 248

Con: Drawbacks of Punitive Responses to School Violence 250

18.Sentencing Options 255

History of Juvenile Sentencing 256

The 1990s: Probation 257

The 2000s: Spike in Delinquency 258

Once an Adult, Always an Adult 259

Capital Punishment and Life Without Parole 260

Pro: Positive Sentencing Options 261

Sentencing Youths to Probation 261

Use of Judicial Discretion 262

Con: Negative Sentencing Options 263

Use of Formal Processing and Incapacitation 263

Transfer to Adult Court 264

Conclusion 265

19.Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders 269

Historical Developments 270

Risk and Violence 271

Individual Risk 272

System Response 273

Pro: Benefits of Predicting Serious Offenders 275

Con: Drawbacks of Predicting Serious Offenders 276

Conclusion 277

20.Treatment and Rehabilitation 281

Evolution of Treatment and Rehabilitation Approaches 282

Treatment of Youths in General 282

Treatment of Youths in the Justice Sector 283

Culpability or Treatment Amenability: Youths Versus Adults 284

How to Treat 285

Principles of Effective Treatment 286

Whom to Treat 286

Pro: Arguments in Support of Treatment 287

Treatment Does Work 287

Con: Arguments Against Treatment 288

Distributive Justice 289

The Future of Treatment and Rehabilitation 290

Index 297

About the General Editor 336