THE DOUBLE HELIX AND THE LAW OF EVIDENCEEPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

1 Before DNA: Genetic Markers 5

Immunogenetics of the ABO Group 6

Is the Theory Generally Accepted? 7

More Immunogenetic Markers 12

The Thin-Gel-Multisystem Controversy 13

2 Trial by Mathematics 20

Inclusions versus Exclusions 20

The Admissibility of Percentages and Probabilities 24

3 The Dawn of DNA Typing 36

Genes, Chromosomes, DNA, and Sex 37

From Protein Polymorphisms to RestrictionFragment Length Polymorphisms 40

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms 43

Multilocus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Probes 48

The Probability of Individuality 52

Forensic Applications 54

DNA Evidence circa 1986 57

4 The Emergence of VNTR Profiling 58

Into the Courtroom 60

The Double Murder and the Handyman 65

The Pretrial Hearing 66

The Aftermath 71

Castro's Progeny 74

5 The Intensifying Debate over Probability and Population Genetics 79

The Aversion to Numbers 80

The Validity of the Numbers 84

The Match Window 84

Allele Frequencies 87

The Basic Product Rule for Combining Allele Frequencies 89

Threats to Independence 91

The Lewontin-Hartl Article 95

The National Research Council Speaks 98

6 The Initial Reaction to the 1992 NRC Report 105

The Initial Reception of the NRC Report in the Courts 106

Hitting the Ceiling 112

Evaluating the Population-Genetics Debate 114

7 Ending the Debate over Population Genetics 132

Lobbying the Academy 133

The NR C Speaks Again 137

Simpson Meets His Match 140

Boodles and Louder 154

The Second NRC Report in the Courts 158

8 Moving Back to Errors and Relatives 161

Proficiency Testing and Error Rates 162

The Evil Twin and Other Relatives 170

9 Moving on to Short Tandem Repeat Loci 178

The Polymerase Chain Reaction 179

Early PCR-Based Discrete-Allele Systems 180

More PCR-Based Systems: Short Tandem Repeats and Alphabet Soup 187

10 Transcending Race and Unscrambling Mixed Stains 192

Deracializing DNA Statistics 192

Unscrambling Mixtures 197

11 Outside the Nucleus: Mitochondrial DNA 213

The Ordeal of Clara and Emmanuel Rojas 215

The Ghost of Corleone 217

The Last Tsar 218

12 Stray Hairs 226

Ware's Hair 227

Saving Simpson's Scalp 230

A Connecticut Yankee in Court 232

An Experiment in Delaware 238

13 Learning from DNA 243

Payment 246

Selection and Cultivation 248

Exposure 250

Neutral Expertise 252

Other Reforms 256

Appendix: Timeline of Selected Developments in or Affecting Forensic Genetics 261

Notes 265

References 293

Cases and Statutes 319

Index 325