DEFLNING HUMAN TRAFFLCKING AND IDENTIFYING ITS VICTIMSPDF电子书下载

Chapter Ⅰ Introduction 1

1. Trafficking in Human Beings - A Topical Issue 1

2. Fundamentals About and Critique towards the Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 8

3. Research Design and Structure of the Present Study 15

3.1. Aim of the Study and Research Questions 15

3.2. Structure of the Study 17

Chapter Ⅱ Consent and Vulnerability in Prostitution and Trafficking for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation: Debates and Definitions 19

1. Introduction 19

2. Contradictory Positions on Prostitution 21

2.1. Prostitution as a Form of Gender-Based Violence: The "Sexual Domination Position" 21

2.2. Prostitution as Work: The "Sex Work Position" 24

2.3. Legal Strategies to Tackle Prostitution and Their Impact on Human Trafficking 29

2.3.1. Introduction 29

2.3.2. Case Studies: Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany 31

2.3.3. The Impact of the Political Choices for Addressing Human Trafficking 37

2.4. Concluding Observations 39

3. Developments in the International Law: From the Campaigns Against "White Slave Traffic" to the 1949 Convention and Beyond 42

3.1. Introduction 42

3.2. The Early International Instruments against White Slave Traffic 44

3.3. The 1949 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others 48

3.3.1. Introduction 48

3.3.2. The Essentials and Critique of the 1949 Convention 52

3.4. Subsequent Developments of the International Law on Prostitution and Trafficking for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation 56

3.5. Concluding Observations 61

4. Prostitution and Trafficking for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation in the EU law 63

4.1. Introduction 63

4.2. The European Union and "the Common Sex Market" 64

5. The Current International Definition of Trafficking in Human Beings and Its Relation to Prostitution 66

5.1. The International Definition of Human Trafficking 66

5.2. Trafficking in Human Beings and Its Relation to Prostitution 69

5.3. Forceful Recruitment and Transportation or Coercive Circumstances?: Innocent Victims and Guilty Prostitutes 72

6. Conclusions 74

Chapter Ⅲ The International Legal Framework against Human Trafficking: From the Overemphasis of Law Enforcement to the Protection of the Victim's Human Rights 77

1. Introduction 77

2. The UN Organised Crime Convention and Its Protocols on Trafficking and Smuggling 79

2.1. Introduction 79

2.2. The Drafting History of the Parent Convention and Its Protocols on Trafficking and Smuggling 82

2.2.1. The Parent Convention on Transnational Organised Crime 82

2.2.2. The Protocols on Trafficking and Smuggling 84

2.3. The Contents of the Parent Convention and its Protocols on Trafficking and Smuggling 87

2.3.1. The Contents of the Parent Convention on Transnational Organised Crime 87

2.3.2. Contents of the Trafficking Protocol 89

2.3.3. Contents of the Smuggling Protocol 93

2.4. The Dichotomy Between Trafficking and Smuggling: A Critical Analysis of the Protocols 95

2.4.1. Differences Between Trafficking and Smuggling 95

2.4.2. Similarities Between Trafficking and Smuggling 98

2.5. Concluding Observations on the UN Convention and Its Protocols 102

3. The Council of Europe Convention on the Action against Trafficking in Human Beings: Added Value for the Protection of Trafficked Persons' Human Rights? 106

3.1. Introduction 106

3.2. The Background and Drafting Process of the CoE Trafficking Convention 109

3.3. Contents of the Council of Europe Convention on Trafficking 114

3.3.1. The Convention as a Human Rights Instrument 114

3.3.2. Provisions on Identification, Assistance and Protection of Trafficked Persons and the Prevention of Human Trafficking 118

3.4. Concluding Observations on the Council of Europe Convention on Trafficking 126

4. Comparison of the UN Trafficking Protocol and the CoE Trafficking Convention 128

5. Other Relevant International Legal Instruments against Trafficking in Human Beings 132

6. Conclusions 151

Chapter Ⅳ Anti-Trafftcking Strategies and Activities in Finland: Current Achievements and Future Challenges 155

1. Introduction 155

2. The Legal Framework of Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 157

2.1. Introduction 157

2.2. The Current Situation of Prostitution, Pandering and Human Trafficking in Finland 161

2.3. The Criminalisation of Trafficking and Other Amendments to the Penal Code 167

2.3.1. Introduction: Historical Background 167

2.3.2. The Novel Penal Provisions on Human Trafficking and Pandering 171

2.3.3. Similarities and Differences Between Human Trafficking and Pandering 175

2.4. Criminalisation of the Exploitation of a Person Subjected to Sex Trade 179

2.4.1. Introduction 179

2.4.2. The Legislative Process: From a General Criminalisation to a Limited Prohibition 180

2.4.3. Enforcement of the Novel Penal Provision 182

2.4.4. The Continuing Ideological Debates on the Nature of Prostitution and Its Potential Impacts on Victim Identification 184

2.5. The Aliens Act: Trafficked Victims' Right to Reside in Finland 186

2.5.1. Introduction: The Residence Permit Directive 186

2.5.2. The Reflection Period 189

2.5.3. The Residence Permit 193

2.5.4. Concluding Observations 197

2.6. The Act on the Integration of Immigrants and Reception of Asylum Seekers: The Official System of Victim Assistance 200

2.7. The National Plans of Action and the National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings 206

2.8. Conclusions on the Legislative Framework against Trafficking in Human Beings 209

3. The Application and Interpretation of the Penal Provisions on Trafficking at the Finnish Courts of Law: The Distinction between "Innocent" and "Guilty" Victims of Sexual Exploitation 213

3.1. Introduction 213

3.2. Judgments on Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation 214

3.3. Implications of the Restrictive Application and Interpretation of Law 220

3.4. Historical Developments in the Regulation of Prostitution 221

3.4.1. Introduction 221

3.4.2. The Regulation of Prostitution Before the 1990s 222

3.4.3. The Situation of Prostitution, Pandering and Trafficking at the Turn of the Millennium and the Consequent Legal Amendments 225

3.4.3.1. The Changes in the Situation in the Field of Foreign Prostitution 225

3.4.3.2. Amendments to the Aliens Act and the Public Order Act 232

3.4.4. Concluding Observations 235

3.5. The Issue of Consent and "Voluntarily" Migrating Prostitutes 236

3.5.1. Introduction 236

3.5.2. "Voluntarily" Migrating Prostitutes and "Oral Employment Contracts" 237

3.5.3. The Liberal Notion of Free Will 240

3.5.4. Concluding Observations 241

3.6 Trafficking for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation as a Form of Gender-Based Violence 242

3.6.1. Introduction 242

3.6.2. Trafficking in Human Beings, Rape and "Behavioural Responsibility" 244

3.6.3. The Restricted Sexual Self-Determination / Sexual Autonomy of Prostitutes 246

3.6.4. Concluding Observations 249

3.7. The Discriminatory Effects of the Finnish Anti-Trafficking Strategies and Activities 250

3.8. Seeking for an Alternative: Lack of Consent, Coercive Circumstances, Vulnerability, and Unequal Power Relations 255

3.8.1. Introduction 255

3.8.2. The Lack of Consent, not Force as a Constituent Element of Human Trafficking 256

3.8.3. Coercive Circumstances and the Protection of Vulnerability and Bodily Integrity 264

3.8.3.1. Introduction 264

3.8.3.2. Coercive Circumstances and Financial Control in Prostitution 265

3.8.3.3. Vulnerability, Bodily Integrity and Human Dignity 270

3.8.4. A Way Forward: A Model of Interpretation to Deconstruct the False Distinction between "Innocent" and "Guilty" Victims of Sexual Exploitation 275

4. Conclusions 281

Chapter Ⅴ Conclusions and Recommendations 287

1. Introductory Remarks: "Invisible" Victims 287

2. Deserving Victims and Conditional Assistance 289

3. The Ambiguous Definition of Human Trafficking and the Restrictive Application and Interpretation of Criminal Law Provisions 295

4. Final Remarks 301

Bibliography 303

Index 353