Practical crime scene processing and investigationPDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

Police Goals and Objectives 2

Evidence Defined 7

The Interpretive Value of Evidence 8

Good Crime Scene Examinations and Scene Integrity Issues 13

Investigative Ethics 18

Summary 21

Suggested Reading 22

Chapter Questions 22

Notes 22

2 Understanding the Nature of Physical Evidence 25

Class and Individual Characteristics 26

Fingerprint Evidence 28

Serology and Biological Evidence 30

Trace Evidence 37

Hairs and Fibers 38

Glass 39

Paints and Polymers 42

Soils 43

Gunshot Residues (GSRs) 44

Firearm and Ballistic Evidence 44

Tool Mark Evidence 50

Impression Evidence 51

General Chemical Evidence 54

Document Evidence 55

Computer Forensics 56

Forensic Pathology 57

Summary 58

Suggested Reading 58

Chapter Questions 59

Notes 59

3 Actions of the Initial Responding Officer 61

Specific Objectives of the Initial Response 61

Documenting Initial Information 62

Officer Safety 63

Emergency Care 64

Secure and Control the Crime Scene 70

Release the Scene to Appropriate Authorities 75

Summary 76

Suggested Reading 76

Chapter Questions 76

Notes 77

4 Processing Methodology 79

Basic Activities of Scene Processing 80

Assessing 80

Observing 80

Documenting 81

Searching 81

Collecting 81

Processing/Analyzing 83

A Processing Model 84

The Adapted USACIDC Processing Model 85

Step 1: Initial Notification 85

Step 2: Coordination, Assessment, and Team Call-Out 85

Step 3: Conduct Initial Observations 85

Step 4: Deal with the Deceased 86

Step 5: Photograph the Scene 87

Step 6: Document Overall Observations 87

Step 7: Sketch the Scene 88

Step 8: Conduct a First Recheck 88

Step 9: Release the Body 88

Step 10: Collect Items of Evidence 90

Step 11: Conduct a Second Recheck of the Scene 90

Step 12: Conduct a Third Recheck of the Scene 91

Step 13: Check beyond the Scene 91

Step 14: Conduct an On-Scene Debriefing of the Investigative Team 91

Step 15: Release or Secure the Scene 91

Step 16: Process and Package Evidence 92

Step 17: Conduct a Formal Debriefing 92

Summary 92

Suggested Reading 93

Chapter Questions 93

Notes 93

5 Assessing the Scene 95

Debriefing the Responding Officers 95

Scene Scope and Boundary Assessment 98

Scene Integrity and Contamination Control 98

Managing Access 103

Defining Team Composition 105

Crime Scene Search Considerations 108

Search Patterns 113

Circle or Spiral Search 113

Strip and Line Search 114

Grid Search 115

Zone Search 115

Point-to-Point Search 118

Personal Protective Measures and Hazard Identification 118

Biohazard Risks 119

Structural Hazards in Fire and Explosion Scenes 121

Chemical and Inhalation Hazards in Fire and Explosion Scenes 122

Inhalation, Chemical, or Fire Hazards from Scene Processing Techniques 122

Chemical and Bioterror Hazards 123

Considerations for Mass Crime Scene and Mass Casualty Situations 124

Pre-Event Considerations of Crime Scene Supervisors 125

Practical On-Scene Considerations for the Mass Scene 127

Managing the Media 128

Summary 129

Suggested Reading 132

Chapter Questions 132

Notes 132

6 Crime Scene Photography 135

What Makes Good Photographs 136

Recurring Problems in Crime Scene Photography 138

Identification Problems 139

Orientation Problems 140

Confusion Problems 140

Incomplete Documentation 142

Types and Purpose of Crime Scene Photographs 142

Overall Photographs 142

Corner or Side—You Decide 143

Evidence-Establishing Photographs 148

What's in a Name: Evidence-Establishing vs. Mid-Range Photos 151

Evidence Close-Up and Forensic Quality Photographs 153

The Road Mapping Method of Photographic Documentation 156

A Basic Methodology to Crime Scene Photography 172

Camera Control Issues 175

Video Photography 178

Summary 180

Suggested Reading 181

Chapter Questions 181

Notes 181

7 Crime Scene Sketching and Mapping 183

Essential Sketch Elements 183

Variations of View in Sketches 186

Methods for Crime Scene Mapping 190

Rectangular Coordinates 192

Triangulation 194

Baseline Coordinates 197

Polar Coordinates 201

Triangulation or Rectangular Coordinates on a Grid 207

Triangulation on a Baseline 212

Technology in Support of Crime Scene Mapping 213

Total Station Mapping 213

Scan Station Mapping 217

Summary 220

Suggested Reading 221

Chapter Questions 221

Notes 221

8 Narrative Descriptions: Crime Scene Notes and Reports 223

Investigative Notes 223

Crime Scene Reports 228

Introduction Section 229

Characteristics of the Scene 229

Conditions of the Scene 231

Environmental Conditions 233

Factors Pertinent to Entry and Exit 234

Scene Documentation 234

Collection of Physical Evidence 235

Search for Latent Fingerprints or DNA 235

Additional Examinations 236

General Considerations 236

Summary 237

Suggested Reading 237

Chapter Questions 237

9 Basic Skills for Scene Processing 239

ROSS M. GARDNER WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY DON COFFEY, JEREMY JOHN, AND TOM ADAIRApplying Light Technology 239

Shortwave Ultraviolet Light (180 to 254 nm) and Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging Systems (RUVIS) 242

Longwave Ultraviolet Light (365 to 415 nm) 245

Near-UV and Violet/Blue Light (415 to 485 nm) 246

Crime Scene Search with Blue Light (485 to 530 nm) 246

Orange-Red (570 to 700 nm) 246

Infrared (700 to 2,000 nm) 246

Heat Energy and Thermal Imaging (12,000 nm) 250

Choosing an Alternative Light Source 251

Recovering Fingerprints 254

The Science of Fingerprints 254

Classification vs. Identification 256

AFIS Fingerprint Systems 257

Collecting Fingerprint Evidence 258

Surface Characteristics 259

Porous Surfaces 260

Nonporous Smooth Surfaces 261

Nonporous Rough Surfaces 262

Special Surfaces or Conditions 264

On-Scene Fingerprinting Techniques 265

Cyanoacrylate Fuming (Superglue Fuming) 266

Basic Brush-and-Powder Techniques 268

Small-Particle Reagent 272

Adding Machine Paper Technique for Human Skin 274

Crystal Violet Solution for Adhesive Tape 276

Fingerprints in Fire Scenes 277

Casting Impression Evidence 278

Rubber Casting Compounds 279

Electrostatic Dust Lifting Devices 281

Dental Stone Casting Techniques 284

Snow Prints 290

Gelatin and Other Adhesive Lifters 294

Summary 296

Suggested Reading 297

Chapter Questions 297

Notes 298

10 Shooting Scene Documentation and Reconstruction 299

ROSS M. GARDNER AND MICHAEL MALONEYInternal Ballistics 300

Terminal Ballistics 302

External Ballistics 304

Bullet Defect Verification through Chemical Evaluation 304

Defining the Bullet Impact Angle Based on Defect Shape 306

Direction of Fire 311

Use of Trajectory Rods and Lasers to Demonstrate Bullet Flight Paths 316

Describing Zones of Possibility 324

Trajectory Analysis Documentation 326

Summary 327

Suggested Reading 328

Chapter Questions 328

Notes 328

11 Applying Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in the Crime Scene 331

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 331

Theory and Underlying Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 331

The Pattern Diversity Principle 332

The Principle of Stain Shape and Vector Correlation 334

The Physically Altered Bloodstain Principle 339

Methodology of BPA 339

Classifying Bloodstain Patterns 339

Documenting Bloodstain Patterns 351

Presumptive Tests for Bloodstains 353

Luminol Enhancement of Latent Bloodstains 355

Fluorescein Enhancement of Latent Bloodstains 357

Amido-Black Enhancement of Latent Bloodstains 358

Infrared Photography 358

Summary 358

Suggested Reading 361

Chapter Questions 361

Notes 362

12 The Body as a Crime Scene 363

ROSS M. GARDNER AND MICHAEL MALONEYExamination of the Corpse In Situ 363

Assessing 363

Observing, Documenting, Searching, and Collecting 366

Examination of the Corpse at the Morgue 369

Examination of a Live Individual 369

Understanding Basic Mechanisms of Injuries 371

Summary 381

Suggested Reading 381

Chapter Questions 381

13 Special Scene Considerations 383

Fire Scenes 383

Fire Patterns 384

Problems Associated with Fire Scenes 389

Fire Scene Methodology 390

Landfill Recoveries 394

Problems Associated with Landfill Recoveries 394

Landfill Recovery Methodology 396

Buried and Scattered Remains 399

Buried Bodies 399

Scattered Remains 405

Entomological Evidence Associated with Bodies 407

Summary 408

Suggested Reading 410

Chapter Questions 410

Notes 410

14 The Role of Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstruction 413

A History of the Concept of Crime Scene Reconstruction 416

The Underlying Principles of Crime Scene Reconstruction 418

Crime Scene Reconstruction Methodology 420

Scientific Method Used to Resolve a Specific Investigative Question 421

Event Analysis: Reconstructing Entire Events 423

Step 1: Collect Data, Establish Likely Events 425

Step 2: Establish Event Segments from the Data Available 426

Step 3: Define Associated Event Segments 430

Step 4: Order and Sequence the Associated Event Segments 431

Step 5: Audit the Information 434

Step 6: Determine and Final-Order the Events 434

Step 7: Final Flowchart of the Overall Incident Based on the Event and Event Segment Sequence 435

Summary 436

Suggested Reading 437

Chapter Questions 437

Notes 437

Appendix A: Crime Scene Equipment 439

Appendix B: Risk Management 445

Index 449