产业生态学 第2版·影印版PDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ INTRODUCING THE FIELD 1

Chapter 1 Humanity and Environment 1

1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons 1

1.2 The Master Equation 5

1.3 The Grand Objectives 8

1.3.1 Linking the Grand Objectives to Environmental Science 9

1.3.2 Targeted Activities of Technological Societies 11

1.3.3 Actions for an Industrialized Society 12

1.4 Addressing the Challenge 14

Further Reading 15

Exercises 15

Chapter 2 The Industrial Ecology Concept 17

2.1 From Contemporaneous Thinking to Forward Thinking 17

2.2 Linking Industrial Activity and Environmental and Social Sciences 20

2.3 Key Questions of Industrial Ecology 21

2.4 An Overview 21

Further Reading 23

Exercises 23

Chapter 3 Technological Change and Evolving Risk 25

3.1 Historical Patterns in Technological Evolution 25

3.2 Approaches to Risk 30

3.3 Risk Assessment 33

3.4 Risk Communication 35

3.5 Risk Management 35

Further Reading 37

Exercises 38

PART Ⅱ THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND SOCIETAL FRAMEWORK 39

Chapter 4 The Relevance of Biological Ecology to Technology 39

4.1 Considering the Analogy 39

4.2 Biological and Industrial Organisms 40

4.3 Food Chains: Networks of Nutrient and Energy Transfer 43

4.4 Population Ecology 47

4.5 Classification of Specific Linkages 49

4.6 The Utility of the Ecological Approach 52

Further Reading 54

Exercises 54

Chapter 5 The Status of Resources 55

5.1 Introduction 55

5.2 Depletion Times and Underabundant Resources 55

5.3 Hitchhiker Resources 57

5.4 Energy Resources 58

5.4.1 Trading Energy for Mineral Resources 58

5.4.2 Energy Sources 58

5.4.3 Energy Resource Status 58

5.5 Energetically Limited Mineral Resources 60

5.6 Geographically Influenced Resource Availability 61

5.7 Environmentally Limited Resources 62

5.8 Cumulative Supply Curves 63

5.9 Water Resources 64

5.10 Summary 65

Further Reading 67

Exercises 67

Chapter 6 Society and Culture 68

6.1 Society, Culture, and Industrial Ecology 68

6.2 Cultural Constructs and Temporal Scales 69

6.3 The Private Firm in a Social Context 72

6.4 Environmentalism, Technology, and Society 72

Further Reading 75

Exercises 76

Chapter 7 Governments, Laws, and Economics 77

7.1 National Governmental Structures and Actions 77

7.2 International Governance Considerations 80

7.3 Industrial Ecology and the Legal System 81

7.3.1 Fundamental Legal Issues 82

7.3.2 Legal Case Studies Relevant to Industrial Ecology 84

7.4 Economics and Industrial Ecology 86

7.4.1 Valuation 86

7.4.2 Discount Rates 87

7.4.3 Benefit-Cost Analysis 87

7.4.4 Green Accounting 88

7.4.5 Substitutability Versus Complementarity 89

7.4.6 Externalities 89

7.5 Finance, Capital, and Investment 90

Further Reading 92

Exercises 92

PART Ⅲ DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT 94

Chapter 8 Industrial Product Design and Development 94

8.1 The Product Design Challenge 94

8.2 Conceptual Tools for Product Designers 96

8.2.1 The Pugh Selection Matrix 96

8.2.2 The House of Quality 97

8.3 Design for X 97

8.4 Product Design Teams 99

8.5 The Product Realization Process 101

Further Reading 103

Exercises 104

Chapter 9 Industrial Process Design and Operation 105

9.1 The Process Design Challenge 105

9.2 Pollution Prevention 106

9.3 The Challenge of Water Availability 109

9.4 The Process Life Cycle 111

9.4.1 Resource Provisioning 112

9.4.2 Process Implementation 112

9.4.3 Primary Process Operation 112

9.4.4 Complementary Process Operation 112

9.4.5 Refurbishment, Recycling, Disposal 113

9.5 The Approach to Process Analysis 113

9.5.1 The Process Itself 114

9.5.2 The Process Equipment 114

9.5.3 Complementary Processes 115

9.6 Guidelines for Process Design and Operation 115

9.7 Implications for Corporations 116

Further Reading 116

Exercises 117

Chapter 10 Choosing Materials 118

10.1 Materials Selection Considerations 118

10.2 Materials and Environmental Hazards 119

10.3 Materials Sources and Principal Uses 121

10.3.1 Absolute Abundances 121

10.3.2 Impacts of Materials Extraction and Processing 122

10.3.3 Availability and Suitability of Post-Consumer Recycled Materials 124

10.4 Materials Substitution 126

10.5 Multiparameter Materials Selection 128

10.6 Dematerialization 134

10.7 Material Selection Guidelines 134

Further Reading 136

Exercises 136

Chapter 11 Designing for Energy Efficiency 137

11.1 Energy and Industry 137

11.2 Primary Processing Industries 139

11.3 Intermediate Processing Industries 140

11.4 Analyzing Energy Use 141

11.5 General Approaches to Minimizing Energy Use 144

11.5.1 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) 144

11.5.2 Lighting 144

11.5.3 On-Site Energy Generation 144

11.5.4 Energy Housekeeping 145

11.6 Summary 147

Further Reading 147

Exercises 148

Chapter 12 Product Delivery 149

12.1 Introduction 149

12.2 General Packaging Considerations 150

12.3 Solid Residue Considerations 151

12.4 Liquid and Gaseous Emission Considerations 155

12.5 Transportation and Installation 155

12.6 Discussion and Summary 156

Further Reading 157

Exercises 157

Chapter 13 Environmental Interactions During Product Use 158

13.1 Introduction 158

13.2 Solid Residue Generation During Product Use 158

13.3 Liquid Residue Generation During Product Use 159

13.4 Gaseous Residue Generation During Product Use 159

13.5 Energy Consumption During Product Use 160

13.6 Intentionally Dissipative Products 161

13.7 Unintentionally Dissipative Products 162

13.8 Design for Maintainability 162

Further Reading 165

Exercises 165

Chapter 14 Design for End of Life 166

14.1 Introduction 166

14.2 General End-of-Life Considerations 171

14.3 Remanufacturing 173

14.4 Recycling 173

14.4.1 Metals 173

14.4.2 Plastics 175

14.4.3 Forest Products 176

14.5 Fastening Parts Together 177

14.6 Planning for Recyclability 177

14.6.1 Design for Disassembly 177

14.6.2 Just-in-Case Designs 180

14.6.3 Priorities for Recyclability 180

Further Reading 182

Exercises 182

Chapter 15 An Introduction to Life-Cycle Assessment 183

15.1 The Life Cycle of Industrial Products 183

15.2 The LCA Framework 186

15.3 Goal Setting and Scope Determination 188

15.4 Defining Boundaries 188

15.4.1 Life Stage Boundaries 189

15.4.2 Level of Detail Boundaries 189

15.4.3 The Natural Ecosystem Boundary 190

15.4.4 Boundaries in Space and Time 191

15.4.5 Choosing Boundaries 191

15.5 Approaches to Data Acquisition 191

Further Reading 196

Exercises 196

Chapter 16 The LCA Impact and Interpretation Stages 197

16.1 LCA Impact Analysis 197

16.2 Industrial Prioritization: The IVL/Volvo EPS System 198

16.3 Interpretation Analysis 204

16.3.1 Explicit and Implied Recommendations 204

16.3.2 Prioritization Tables 206

16.4 Prioritization Diagrams 207

16.4.1 The Action-Agent Prioritization Diagram 207

16.4.2 The Life-Stage Prioritization Diagram 209

16.5 Discussion 210

Further Reading 211

Exercises 212

Chapter 17 Streamlining the LCA Process 214

17.1 The Assessment Continuum 214

17.2 Preserving Perspective 215

17.3 The SLCA Matrix 216

17.4 Target Plots 218

17.5 Assessing Generic Automobiles of Yesterday and Today 218

17.6 SLCA Assets and Liabilities 224

17.7 Discussion 226

Further Reading 226

Exercises 227

Chapter 18 Using the Corporate Industrial Ecology Toolbox 228

18.1 Stages and Scales in Industrial Environmental Management 228

18.2 The First Stage: Regulatory Compliance 228

18.3 The Second Stage: Pollution Prevention 229

18.4 The Third Stage: Design for Environment 230

18.5 Environmental Opportunities at the PRP Gates 231

18.6 The Industrial Ecology Mechanic and the Toolbox 234

18.7 Industrial Ecology Tools for the Service Sector 235

Further Reading 236

Exercises 236

PART Ⅳ CORPORATE INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY 237

Chapter 19 Managing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation 237

19.1 Overview 237

19.2 Environment as Strategic for the Firm 238

19.3 Implementing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation 239

19.3.1 Environmental Management Systems 240

19.3.2 Tactical Organizational Structures 242

19.3.3 Training Programs 242

19.3.4 Technical Support 242

19.3.5 The Triple Bottom Line 243

Further Reading 244

Exercises 244

Chapter 20 Indicators and Metrics 245

20.1 The Importance of Indicators and Metrics 245

20.2 Metric Systems Development 246

20.3 Industry-Level Metrics 248

20.4 Metrics Displays and Metrics Aggregation 251

20.5 Hierarchical Metrics Systems 252

Further Reading 254

Exercises 254

Chapter 21 Services Technology and Environment 256

21.1 Defining Services 256

21.1.1 Type Alpha Services: The Customer Comes to the Service 258

21.1.2 Type Beta Services: The Service Goes to the Customer 259

21.1.3 Type Gamma Services: Remote Provisioning 259

21.2 The Environmental Dimensions of Services 261

21.3 The Industrial Ecology of Service Firms 263

21.3.1 Leverage Suppliers 263

21.3.2 Educate Customers 264

21.3.3 Facilitate Environmentally Preferable Resource and Product Use Patterns 264

21.3.4 Substitution of Services for Energy and Material Use 265

21.3.5 Services as a Source of Quality of Life 265

Further Reading 266

Exercises 266

PART Ⅴ SYSTEMS-LEVEL INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY 268

Chapter 22 Industrial Ecosystems 268

22.1 The Ecosystems Concept 268

22.2 Industrial Symbiosis 273

22.3 Designing and Developing Symbiotic Industrial Ecosystems 275

22.4 Resource Flow in Industrial Ecosystems 277

22.5 Pattern and Scale in Industrial Ecosystems 279

22.6 The Utility of Mixed Ecological Approaches 281

Further Reading 283

Exercises 283

Chapter 23 Metabolic and Resource Analyses 284

23.1 Budgets and Cycles 284

23.2 Metabolic Analyses in Industrial Ecology 289

23.3 Resource Analyses in Industrial Ecology 291

23.3.1 Elemental Analyses 292

23.3.2 Molecular Analyses 292

23.3.3 Substance Analyses 294

23.3.4 Material Analyses 294

23.4 The Balance Between Natural and Anthropogenic Mobilization of Resources 296

23.5 The Utility of Metabolic and Resource Analyses 297

Further Reading 298

Exercises 298

Chapter 24 Systems Analysis, Models, and Scenario Development 299

24.1 Thinking at the Systems Level 299

24.1.1 The Systems Concept 299

24.1.2 The Automotive Technology System 301

24.2 Models of Technological Systems 305

24.2.1 The Concept of a Model 305

24.2.2 Iron and Steel in the U. K.: A Model Example 306

24.2.3 Model Validation 306

24.3 Describing Possible Futures 308

24.3.1 The Utility of Scenarios 308

24.3.2 The IMAGE Model for Climate Change 309

24.3.3 IPCC 2000 Scenarios 311

24.4 Developing a Predictive Industrial Ecology 313

Further Reading 314

Exercises 315

Chapter 25 Earth Systems Engineering and Management 316

25.1 Introducing the Concept 316

25.2 Examples of ESEM, Implemented and Proposed 317

25.2.1 Brownfields Restoration 317

25.2.2 Dredging the Waters 318

25.2.3 Restoring Regional-Scale Wetlands 318

25.2.4 Combating Global Warming 318

25.3 The Principles of ESEM 323

25.3.1 Theoretical Principles of ESEM 323

25.3.2 Governance Principles of ESEM 323

25.3.3 Design and Engineering Principles of ESEM 324

25.4 Facing the ESEM Question 324

Further Reading 326

Exercises 327

Chapter 26 The Future of Industrial Ecology 328

26.1 Industrial Ecology in the Midst of Change 328

26.2 The Industrial Ecology Hardware Store 329

26.2.1 Tools for the Product and Process Designer 330

26.2.2 Tools for the Corporate Manager 330

26.2.3 Tools for the Service Provider 330

26.2.4 Tools for the Systematist 331

26.2.5 Tools for the Policy Maker 331

26.3 Industrial Ecology as an Evolving Science 331

26.4 An Industrial Ecology Research Roadmap 335

26.4.1 Theoretical Industrial Ecology Goals 336

26.4.2 Experimental Industrial Ecology Goals 336

26.4.3 Applied Industrial Ecology Goals 337

26.5 Redefining the Challenge 338

Further Reading 338

Appendix A Electronic Solder Alternatives: A Detailed Case Study 339

Appendix B Units of Measurement in Industrial Ecology 349

Glossary 351

Index 357