JUDICIAL PROCESS IN AMERICA SECOND EDITIONPDF电子书下载

1 Foundations of Law in the United States 1

Sources of Law in the United States 2

Types of Law in the United States 5

Functions of Law 7

The United States and the Rule of Law 10

A Litigious Society 14

Summary 16

2 History, Function, and Organization of the Federal and State Judicial Systems 19

The Historical Context 20

The U.S. Supreme Court 21

The U.S. Courts of Appeals 32

U.S. District Courts 42

Constitutional Courts and Legislative courts 47

The Federal Courts in the American Political System 49

State Court Systems 52

State Court Organization 55

Summary 60

3 Administrative and Staff Support in the Judiciary 65

The Judicial Administration Movement 65

Major Federal Administrative Support Structures 69

Personnel Support 78

Summary 89

4 Lawyers, Litigants, and Interest Groups in the Judicial Process 93

Lawyers and the Legal Profession 93

Litigants 107

Interest Groups in the Judicial Process 109

Summary 114

5 Jurisdiction, Work Load, and Policy-Making Boundaries of Federal and State Courts 119

Federal Courts 119

Jurisdiction and Work Load of State Courts 127

Jurisdiction and Legislative Politics 130

Judicial Self-Restraint 131

Summary 144

6 The Criminal Court Process 147

The Nature and Substance of Crime 147

Categories of Crime 148

Elements of a Crime 152

Procedures Before a Criminal Trial 156

Procedures During a Criminal Trial 170

Procedures After a Criminal Trial 183

Summary 188

7 The Civil Court Process 191

The Nature and Substance of Civil Law 191

The Main Categories of Civil Law 192

The Courts and Other Institutions Concerned with Civil Law 197

The Civil Trial Process 199

Summary 212

8 The Federal and State Judges 215

Background Characteristics of Federal Judges 215

Formal and Informal Qualifications of Federal Judges 224

Qualifications and Backgrounds of State Judges 229

The Federal Selection Process and Its Participants 230

The Selection Process for State Judges 240

Policy Links Between the Citizenry, the President, and the Federal Judiciary 246

The Judicial Socialization Process 259

The Retirement and Removal of Judges 263

Summary 269

9 The Decision-Making Process 275

The Legal Subculture 277

The Democratic Subculture 283

Summary 314

10 Decision Making: The Special Case of Collegial Courts 321

Cue Theory 322

Small-Group Analysis 324

Attitude Theory and Bloc-Formation Analysis 340

Fact Pattern Analysis 344

Summary 346

11 Implementation and Impact of Judicial Policies 351

The Impact of Higher-Court Decisions on Lower Courts 351

Congressional Influences on the Implementation Process 359

Executive Branch Influences on the Implementation Process 362

Other Implementors 366

The Impact of Judicial Policies 368

Summary 375

12 Policy Making by American Judges: An Attempt at Synthesis 381

The Nature of the Case or Issue 381

The Values and Orientations of the Judges 384

The Nature of the Judicial Decision-Making Process 387

The Impact of Extraneous Influences 390

Selected Bibliography 393

Index 403