ELASTOMERS AND PLASTOMERS VOLUMEⅡPDF电子书下载

1.PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE PLASTOMERS by R.HOUWINK （Wassenaar, Netherlands） 1

1.Introduction 1

2.Raw materials 1

3.Manufacture of the resins 5

4.Hardening of the resins 10

a.The phenol- and cresol formaldehyde resins 10

b.The aniline resins 15

5.P.F.Resins for varnishes, paints and lacquersby C.P.A.KAPPELMEIER （Sassenheim, Netherlands） 17

a.Introduction 17

b.Classification of phenolic resins for the varnish industry 19

c.Rosin modified phenolic resins 19

d.Alkyl phenolic resins （Oil-reactive phenolics） 22

e.Pure phenolic setting resins （Resols） 23

f.Plasticised and/or elasticised phenolic setting resins 25

g.Pure phenolic non-setting resins （Novolaks） 27

h.Mixed phenolic resin esters 27

i.Terpene phenolic resins 27

j.Combinations of phennolic resins with other syntheticresins 28

k.Application of phenolic resins in the varnish industry 28

l.Practical applications of phenolic resin based varnishes 28

m.Conclusion and prospects 29

6.The applications of straight phenol-formaldehyde resins 29

a.Adhesives 30

b.Cast resins 30

c.Straight resin moulding materials 30

1.Phenol-formaldehyde resins 32

2.Based on anilin eresins 32

7.Moulding components 34

a.The fillers 34

b.Manufacture of moulding powders 37

c.Flow properties and hardening velocity 39

d.The moulding process 43

e.Extrusion （jet moulding） 49

8.Properties of the moulded products 49

9.Making of laminated materials 56

a.Raw materials 56

b.Manufacture 58

10.Properties of laminated materials 62

11.Machining 71

References 73

2.SYNTHETIC RESIN ION EXCHANGERS by A.VAN ROYEN （Delft, Netherlands） 76

1.Introduction 76

2.Structures 77

a.Wofatit P 78

b.Wofatit C 79

c.Wof atit KS 79

d.Wo f atit M 79

e.Dowex 80

3.Properties 81

4.Applications 84

References 87

3.UREA AND MELAMINE RESINS by G.WIDMER and K.FREY （Basle, Switzerland） 88

1.General 88

2.Basic raw materials 88

a.Urea 88

b.T hiourea 89

c.Aminotriazine （Melamine） 90

3.The course of the condensation reactions 91

a.General 91

b.Urea 92

c.Thioureas 97

d.Melamine 97

4.Properties and technical production of carbamide and aminotriazine resins 99

a.Raw materials and first applications 99

b.Moulding compounds 99

c.Laminated products 107

d.Adhesives for wood 107

e.Lacquers based on urea and melamine resins 111

f.Applications in the textile f ield 112

g.Applications in the paper industry 114

h.Diverse applications 115

1.Tanning agents 115

2.Cork bonding agents 115

3.Core banding agents 116

4.Stiffening caps for shoes 117

5.Foam materials 117

References 118

4.POLYMERS FROM ETHYLENE DERIVATIVES by H.T.NEHER （Philadelphia, U.S.A.） 119

1.Introduction 119

2.Preperation of the monomers 120

a.Styre 120

b.Ethylene and isobutylene 121

c.Vinyl esters 122

d.Vinyl ethers 124

e.Heterocyclic vinyl compounds 124

f.Vinyl ketones 125

g.Allyl compounds 125

h.Acrylic and methacrylic acid compounds 127

3.Polymerization 130

a.Polymerization catalysts 130

b.Polymerization methods 133

c.Copolymerization 137

4.Chemical conversion of polymers 140

5.Physical treatment of polymers 141

6.The individual resins and their applications 142

a.Polystyrene 142

b.Polyvinyl carbazole, Polyvinyl ethers 146

c.Polyethylene, Polyisobutylene 147

d.Organic polyvinyl esters 148

e.Inorganic polyvinyl esters and copolymers 148

f.Reaction products of polyvinyl esters 153

g.Allyl polymers 156

h.Acrylic resins 157

References 164

5.THE CELLULOSE DERIVATIVS by V.E.YARSLEY （Ewell, England）, H.KITCHEN（Birmingham, England）, and W.J.GRANT （London,England） 167

1.The structure of cellulose 167

2.The cellulose esters and ethers 173

A.General 173

a.Cellulose esters 173

b.Cellulose ethers 173

c.Cellulose ether-esters 174

B The cellulose esters of inorganic acids 175

a.Cellulose nitrate 175

b.Miscelaneous esters 176

1.Cellulose sulphate 177

2.Cellulose phosphate 177

C.The cellulose esters of organic acids 177

a.Cellulose f ormate 178

b.Cellulose acetate 178

c.Cellulose propionate 179

d.Cellulose butyrate 180

e.Higher aliphatic acid esters 181

f.Miscellaneous esters 181

D.The mixed esters of cellulose 181

a.Cellulose acetate-nitrate 181

b.Mixed esters of organic acids 182

1.Cellulose acetate-propionate 182

2.Cellulose acetate-butyrate 182

c.Miscellaneous mixed esters 183

E.The cellulose ethers 184

a.Methyl cellulose 184

b.Ethyl cellulose 186

3.Solvation and plasticisation of cellulose derivatives 189

a.Sol vation 189

b.Plasticisation 191

4.The manufacture and processing of plastics from cellulose derivatives 195

a.The manufacture of the plastic composition 195

b.The manufacture of sheets 196

c.The manufacture of rods and tubes 200

d.The manufacture of films and foils 202

1.Preparation of solution 203

2.Filtration of solution 203

3.Deaeration of solution 203

4.The casting process 203

5.After-drying, reeling and slitting 204

e.The moulding o f cellulose plastics 205

1.Compression moulding 205

2.Transfer moulding 205

3.Injection moulding 206

f.Manufacture of lacquers, coating and impregnating compositions 206

g.Miscellaneous products and processes; sponges and cell-ular materials 208

5.The properties and applications of the commercial cellulose plastics 208

a.Mechanical properties 209

1.Tensile strength 209

2.Impact strength 212

b.Thermal properties 213

1.Softening temperature 213

2.Flow temperature 214

c.Electrical properties 215

d.Optical properties 215

e.Stability 215

1.Water resistance 215

2.Temperature resistance 216

3.Weathering 217

6.Analysis of cellulose plastics 218

a.Identification 218

b.Separation of plasticiser 219

c.Acetyl content of cellulose acetate 219

d.Nitrogen content of cellulose nitrate 219

e.Alkoxyl and free hydroxyl content of cellulose ethers 220

7.Applications 220

a.Rayon fibres 220

1.Viscose 221

2.Cuprammonium 222

3.Acetate rayon 222

4.Miscellaneous 223

5.Staple fibre 224

b.Moulded plastics 224

c.Sheets, films and foils 225

d.Lacquers, coating and impregnating compositions 227

e.Adhesives and cements 229

f.Miscellaneous uses 230

References 231

6.PROTEIN PLASTICS 240

Part.Ⅰ.Protein pastics other than fibres. 240

by A.D.WHITEHEAD and S.H.PINNER （Manningtree,England）. 240

1.Introduction 240

2.General chemistry of the proteins 241

3.Proteins of a special interest to the plastics and spinning industries 247

a.Casein 247

b.Soya protein 250

c.Zein and zeinin 252

d.Arachin and conarachin 256

e.Keratin 257

f.Fibrinogen 258

g.Egg albumin 260

h.Biological waste products 261

4.Theories of hardening of proteins with formaldehyde 262

a.Reaction o f formaldehyde with specific functional groups 262

b.The analysis of protein-formaldehyde reaction products 263

c.The hardening reaction 264

d.The diffusion factor 265

e.Reaction kinetics 267

5.Modifying agents 268

a.Chemical modification 268

b.Waterproofing agents 270

c.Waterproofing of zein 272

d.Plasticisers 272

e.Fillers 273

f.Clarifiers 274

6.Manufacture and manipulation of casein plastics 274

a.The hardening process 278

b.Drying and finishing operations 280

7.Properties and uses of casein plastics 281

References 283

Part.Ⅱ.Fibres from proteins. 287

by C.DIAMOND （Coventry, England）. 287

1.Introduction 287

2.Theory of fibre structure as it relates to proteins 288

3.Chain length 290

4.Constitution of proteins used in synthetic fibre processes 291

5.The fibre-spinning solution 292

6.Fibre-coagulation processes 293

a.The Lanital （casein） process 293

b.Arachis protein fibre 295

c.Soybean protein fibre 295

d.Zein fibre 296

e.Egg albumen fibres 296

f.Fish protein fibres 297

7.After-treatments of the coagulated fibre 297

a.Hardening and insolubilising 297

b.After-treatments with metallic salts 299

8.Physical properties 299

9.General properties 306

a.Dyeing 308

b.Felts and other uses 310

References 311

7.SYNTHETIC POLYAMIDES by L.F.SALISBURY （Wilmington, Del., U.S.A.）. 313

1.Introduction 313

2.Chemical reactions 313

3.Commercial processes 315

4.Properties and applications 320

References 327

8.SILICONE POLYMERS by J.R.ELLIOTT （Schenectady, N.Y.U.S.A.）. 331

1.Introduction , 330

2.Chemistry of silicones and their intermediates 331

a.General remarks 331

b.Preparation of intermediates 333

1.Coupling reactions 333

2.Direct synthesis 334

3.Properties and applications 335

a.Silicone oils 335

b.Silicone rubber 339

c.Silicone resins 340

d.Water repellent films from silicones 345

References 346

9.ALKYD RESINS by J.R.PATTERSON （Schenectady.N.Y., U.S.A.）. 347

1.Introduction 347

2.Raw materials 348

a.The acids 348

b.The alcohols 349

3.Resinification 351

4.Applications 357

5.Large sale manufacturing 359

References 362

10.NATURAL RESINS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES by C.CLARE （Wilmington, Del., U.S.A.）. 363

1.Classification; Production 363

2.Natural resins 364

a.Physical properties and chemical nature in general 364

b.Dammers 365

c.East Indias 365

d.Manila copal 365

e.Congo copal 369

f.Thermal processing 369

g.Kauri copal 371

h.Miscellaneous resins 372

i.Esters and other derivatives 373

3.Rosin 374

a.Methods of production 375

1.Gum rosin 375

2.Wood rosin 375

b.Chemical structure of rosin 376

c.Derivatives of rosin 379

d.Modified rosins 380

1.Hydrogenated rosin 380

2.Polymerized rosin 381

3.Disproportionated （dehydrogenated） rosin 382

e.Resinates 383

f.Esters of rosin 385

g.Other rosin derivatives 387

h.Physical properties 387

1.Viscosity 387

2.Electrical properties 388

3.Optical rotations and crystallinity 388

4.Pluorescence and light absorption , 389

i.Vinsol 389

4.Lac and Shellac 390

a.Commercial lacs 390

1.Seed lac 390

2.Shellac 391

3.Button lac 392

4.Garnet lac 392

5.Bleached shellac 392

b.Physical properties of shellac 392

1.Solubility and viscosity 393

2.Thermal properties 394

3.Electrical properties 394

4.Optical properties 395

c.Chemical composition of shellac 396

d.Chemical derivatives 398

References 398

11.DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL RUBBER by T.R.DAWSON （Croydon, England）. 402

1.Introduction 402

2.Sulphur derivatives （vulcanised rubber） 402

3.Rubber isomers 404

a.Constitution 404

b.Properties and applications 404

4.Oxidation and hydrogenation derivatives 408

5.Halogenated rubbers 410

a.Mechanism of chlorination 410

b.Chlorination processes in bulk 411

c.Properties of chlorinated rubber 412

d.Applications o f chlorinated rubber 416

e.Other rubber halides 417

6.Rubber hydrochloride 418

a.Constitution 418

b.Manufacture 418

c.Properties 418

d.Applications 420

7.Addition products with acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride 422

8.Miscellaneous derivatives 423

References 424

12.SYNTHETIC RUBBERS by W.J.S.NAUNTON （Manchester, England）. 426

1.Introduction 426

2.History of synthetic rubber 426

3.Types of rubber-like material 429

a.Polymers of butadiene 430

b.Copolymers of butadiene 430

c.Polymers and copolymers of chloroprene 431

d.The ester rubbers 431

e.Thioplasts 431

f.Polyisobutylene 432

g.Butyl rubber 432

h.Vinyl polymers 432

i.Ethylene polymers 433

j.Other elastic resins 433

4.Chemistry of the monomers 433

a.Butadiene 433

1.Production from alcohol 433

2.Production from petroleum 434

3.Production from acetylene 436

b.Chlorbutadiene （chloroprene） 437

c.Methylbutadienes 437

d.Isobutylene 438

e.Copolymers components: styrene 438

f.Acrylic nitrile 439

5.Polymerisation 439

a.Room temperature polymerisation 444

b.Warm polymerisation 445

c.High-pressure polymerisation 445

d.Low temperature polymerisation 445

e.Polymerisation with alkali metals 445

f.Emulsion polymerisation 447

6.Properties of the synthetic rubbers 452

7.The properties of the individual synthetic rubbers 454

a.Butadiene-styrene copolymers （GR-S, Buna S, Buta-prene S, Chemigum IV and H car TT） 454

b.Chloroprene polymers and copolymers 458

1.Oil resistance 461

2.Heat resistance 462

3.Water resistance 463

4.Permeability to gases 464

5.Flame restistance 464

6.Good weathering 465

8.The processing of the individual synthetic rubbers 465

a.Neoprene 465

1.Mixing 465

2.Calendering 465

3.Extruding 466

4.Building- up operations 466

5.Moulding 466

6.Bonding to metals 466

7.Spreading and dipping solutions 466

8.Vulcanisation 467

9.Coloured articles 467

b.Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers 468

1.Mixing 470

2.Calendering 470

3.Extrusion 471

4.Building-up operat+ions 471

5.Bonding to metals 471

6.Spreading and dipping solutions 471

7.Use as plasticiser 471

c.Butadiene polymers 471

d.Isobutylene-diene copolymers 472

e.The thioplasts 473

1.Mixing 474

2.Calendering 475

3.Extrusion 475

4.Making-up operations 475

5.Moulding 475

6.Solutions 475

7.Vulcanisation 475

f.Ester rubbers 475

g.Thermoplastic substitutes for rubber 476

9.Synthetic rubber latices 476

10.The application of the synthetic rubbers 478

a.GR-S （Buna S） 478

b.Neoprenes 478

c.Perbunan （Hycar OR） 480

d.Butyl rubber 480

e.Thioplasts 481

f.Polyvinylchloride and its copolymers 482

11.Economic aspects 482

12.Conclusion 483

References 484

13.ASPHALTS by R.N.TRAXLER （Port Neches, Texas, U.S.A.）. 486

1.Sources 486

2.Chemical composition 487

3.Rheological properties 488

a.Viscosimeters employed 488

b.Rheological diagrams and types of flow 488

4.Colloidal properties 491

5.Applications 495

a.Road building 495

b.Roofing asphalts 496

c.Miscellaneous 496

References 498

INDEX 499