CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR A CHANGING AMERICA RIGHTSPDF电子书下载

ITHE CONSTITUTION AND THE RIGHTS OF AMERICANS 1

The Living Constitution 3

The Amendment Process 7

The Supreme Court and the Amendment Process 9

1. APPROACHES TO SUPREME COURT DECISION MAKING 13

Legally Relevant Approaches 13

Extralegal Approaches 24

READINGS 41

2. INCORPORATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS 43

Must States Abide by the Bill of Rights? Initial Responses 43

Barton v. Baltimore (1833) 44

Incorporation Through the Fourteenth Amendment: Early Interpretations 46

Hurtado v. California (1884) 48

New Life for Incorporation 52

Twining v. New Jersey (19o8) 53

Incorporation in the Wake of Twining 55

Palko v. Connecticut (1937) 56

In the Aftermath of Palko: Incorporation and the Warren Court 58

Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) 60

READINGS 66

II CIVIL LIBERTIES 67

3. RELIGION: EXERCISE AND ESTABLISHMENT 73

Defining Religion 74

Free Exercise of Religion 78

Cantwell v. Connecticut 0940) 80

Sherbert v. Verner (1963) 88

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) 93

Goldman v. Weinberger 0986) 99

Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (199o) 107

Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993) 116

Religious Establishment 126

Everson v. Board of Education (1947) 131

Lemon v. Kurtzman; Earley v. DiCenso (1971) 143

Lamb's Chapd v. Center Moriches Union Free SchoolDistrict (1993) 159

Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) 164

County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989) 171

School District of Abington Township v. Schempp (1963) 179

Wallace v. Jaffree 1985) 185

Lee v. Weisman 1992) 192

READINGS 202

4. FREEDOM OF SPEECH, ASSEMBLY, AND ASSOCIATION 203

The Development of Legal Standards: The Emergence of Law in Times of Crisis 204

Schenck v. United States (1919) 208

Abrams v. United States (1919) 210

Gitlow v. New York (1925) 215

Dennis v. United States 1951) 226

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) 234

Regulating Expression: Content and Contexts 237

United States v. O'Brien (1968) 241

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) 245

Texas v. Johnson (1989) 250

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) 256

Edwards v. South Carolina (1963) 259

Adderley v. Florida (1966) 262

Cohen v. California (1971) 267

Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc. 1994) 272

R.A. V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota (1992) 280

Wisconsin v. Mitchell1993) 285

West Virginia Board of Education v. Bamette (1943) 289

Bigelow v. Virginia (1975) 294

Bates v. State Bar of Arizona 1977) 298

City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc. (1993) 306

READINGS 311

5. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 313

Prior Restraint 314

Near v. Minnesota (1931) 315

New York Times v. United States (1971) 320

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) 330

Government Control of Press Content 334

Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board 1991) 335

Miami Herald v. Tornillo (1974) 338

Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC 1969) 341

The Media and Special Rights 345

Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) 346

READINGS 352

6. THE BOUNDARIES OF FREE EXPRESSION: OBSCENITY AND LIBEL 353

Obscenity 353

Roth v. United States (1957) 356

Miller v. California 1973) 362

New York v. Ferber (1982) 368

Libel 378

New York Times v. Sullivan 1964) 379

rtz v. Welch 1974) 390

Hustler Magazine v. Falwel1988) 395

Masson v. New Yorker Magazine 1991) 399

READINGS 404

THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY 405

The Right to Privacy: Foundations 406

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) 409

Private Activities and the Application of Griswold 415

Stanley v. Georgia 1969) 416

Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) 417

Crazan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (199o) 423

Reproductive Freedom and the Right to Privacy: Abortion 431

Roe v. Wade (1973) 433

Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (1983) 451

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) 463

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992) 471

READINGS 484

III THE RIGHTS OF THE CRIMINALLY ACCUSED 485

8. INVESTIGATIONS AND EVIDENCE 493

The Fourth Amendment: Historical Notes 494

The Supreme Court and the Fourth Amendment 495

Illinois v. Gates (1983) 496

Katz v. United States (1967) 502

Chimd v. California (1969) 507

Cupp v. Murphy (1973) 513

National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab (1989) 516

Terry v. Ohio (1968) 522

United States v. Ross (1982) 529

Enforcing the Fourth Amendment:The Exclusionary Rule 536

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 538

United States v. Leon (1984) 547

The Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination 554

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) 556

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 558

Berkemer v. McCarty (1984) 569

Rhode Island v. Innis (198o) 573

READINGS 580

9. ATTORNEYS, TRIALS, AND PUNISHMENTS 581

The Right to Counsel 581

Powell v. Alabama (1932) 582

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 585

The Pretrial Period and the Right to Bail 591

United States v. Salerno (1987) 591

The Sixth Amendment and Fair Trials 595

Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 598

Sheppard v. Maxwell(1966) 606

Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (198o) 612

Trial Proceedings 615

Maryland v. Craig (1990) 616

Final Trial Stage: An Overview of Sentencing 619

The Eighth Amendment 621

Gregg v. Georgia (1976) 623

McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) 634

Post-Trial Stages 641

Ashe v. Swenson (197o) 642

READINGS 644

IV CIVIL RIGHTS 645

10. DISCRIMINATION 57

Racial Discrimination 657

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 658

Sweatt v. Painter (195o) 665

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 669

Loving v. Virginia (1967) 672

Palmore v. Sidoti (1984) 674

Washington v. Davis (1976) 676

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) 679

Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961) 682

Moose Lodge #1o7 v. lrvis (1972) 685

Sex Discrimination 687

Reedy. Reed (1971) 690

Frontiero v. Richardson (1973) 692

Craig v. Boren (1976) 695

Michad M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County (1981) 700

Rostker v. Goldberg (1981) 703

Orr v. Orr (1979) 705

Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan (1982) 707

Economic Discrimination 712

Shapiro v. Thompson 1969) 712

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973) 725

Alien Discrimination 722

Foley v. Connelie (1978) 722

Plyer v. Doe (1982) 724

Discrimination Remedies 728

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education (1979 730

United States v. Fordice (1992) 736

Roberts v. United States ]aycees 1984) 742

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) 747

Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County, California (1987) 754

City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. (1989) 759

Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC 1990) 764

Contemporary Developments in Discrimination Law 769

READINGS 773

11. VOTING AND REPRESENTATION 775

Voting Rights 775

Smith v. Allwright (1944) 780

Louisiana v. United States (1965) 783

South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1965) 787

Kramer v. Union Free SchooI District 1969) 790

Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966) 793

Dunn v. Blumstein 1972) 796

Political Representation 798

Baker v. Cart 1962) 802

Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) 804

Reynolds v. Sims 1964) 808

Karcher v. Daggett 1983) 825

Mahan v. Howell (1973) 818

United ]ewish Organizations of Williamsburgh Care)/(1977) 822

Shaw v. Reno 1993) 827

Davis v. Bandemer 1986) 833

READINGS 836

REFERENCE MATERIAL 847

U.S. Presidents 849

Thumbnail Sketch of the Supreme Court's History 851

The Justices 853

Natural Courts 859

The American Legal System 865

The Processing of Cases 866

Supreme Court Calendar 867

Briefing Supreme Court Cases 868

Glossary 870

Subject Index 875

Case Index 892

Illustration Credits 899