Aircraft design：a conceptual approachPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1. Design—A Separate Discipline 1

1.1 What Is Design? 1

1.2 Introduction to the Book 1

Chapter 2. Overview of the Design Process 3

2.1 Introduction 3

2.2 Phases of Aircraft Design 4

2.3 Aircraft Conceptual Design Process 7

Chapter 3. Sizing from a Conceptual Sketch 11

3.1 Introduction 11

3.2 Takeoff-Weight Buildup 11

3.3 Empty-Weight Estimation 12

3.4 Fuel-Fraction Estimation 14

3.5 Takeoff-Weight Calculation 23

3.6 Design Example: ASW Aircraft 24

Chapter 4. Airfoil and Geometry Selection 33

4.1 Introduction 33

4.2 Airfoil Selection 33

4.3 Wing Geometry 47

4.4 Biplane Wings 65

4.5 Tail Geometry and Arrangement 67

Chapter 5. Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Wing Loading 77

5.1 Introduction 77

5.2 Thrust-to-Weight Ratio 78

5.3 Wing Loading 84

5.4 Selection of Thrust-to-Weight and Wing Loading 99

Chapter 6. Initial Sizing 101

6.1 Introduction 101

6.2 Rubber-Engine Sizing 102

6.3 Fixed-Engine Sizing 108

6.4 Geometry Sizing 109

6.5 Control-Surface Sizing 113

Chapter 7. Configuration Layout and Loft 117

7.1 Introduction 117

7.2 End Products of Configuration Layout 117

7.3 Conic Lofting 123

7.4 Conic Fuselage Development 129

7.5 Flat-Wrap Fuselage Lofting 135

7.6 Circle-to-Square Adapter 136

7.7 Fuselage Loft Verification 137

7.8 Wing/Tail Layout and Loft 139

7.9 Aircraft Layout Procedures 149

7.10 Wetted Area Determination 150

7.11 Volume Determination 152

Chapter 8. Special Considerations in Configuration Layout 155

8.1 Introduction 155

8.2 Aerodynamic Considerations 155

8.3 Structural Considerations 158

8.4 Radar Detectability 165

8.5 Infrared Detectability 170

8.6 Visual Detectability 171

8.7 Aural Signature 171

8.8 Vulnerability Considerations 172

8.9 Crashworthiness Considerations 174

8.10 Producibility Considerations 175

8.11 Maintainability Considerations 179

Chapter 9. Crew Station, Passengers, and Payload 181

9.1 Introduction 181

9.2 Crew Station 181

9.3 Passenger Compartment 185

9.4 Cargo Provisions 186

9.5 Weapons Carriage 188

9.6 Gun Installation 191

Chapter 10. Propulsion and Fuel System Integration 193

10.1 Introduction 193

10.2 Propulsion Selection 193

10.3 Jet-Engine Integration 196

10.4 Propeller-Engine Integration 220

10.5 Fuel System 226

Chapter 11. Landing Gear and Subsystems 229

11.1 Introduction 229

11.2 Landing Gear Arrangements 229

11.3 Tire Sizing 233

11.4 Shock Absorbers 239

11.5 Castoring-Wheel Geometry 246

11.6 Gear-Retraction Geometry 247

11.7 Seaplanes 250

11.8 Subsystems 252

Chapter 12. Aerodynamics 257

12.1 Introduction 257

12.2 Aerodynamic Forces 258

12.3 Aerodynamic Coefficients 262

12.4 Lift 263

12.5 Parasite (Zero-Lift) Drag 280

12.6 Drag Due to Lift (Induced Drag) 297

12.7 Aerodynamic Codes and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 305

Chapter 13. Propulsion 313

13.1 Introduction 313

13.2 Jet-Engine Thrust Considerations 315

13.3 Turbojet Installed Thrust 317

13.4 Thrust-Drag Bookkeeping 317

13.5 Installed-Thrust Methodology 318

13.6 Piston-Engine Performance 325

13.7 Turboprop Performance 331

Chapter 14. Structures and Loads 333

14.1 Introduction 333

14.2 Loads Categories 334

14.3 Air Loads 335

14.4 Inertial Loads 347

14.5 Power-Plant Loads 348

14.6 Landing-Gear Loads 348

14.7 Structures Fundamentals 349

14.8 Material Selection 354

14.9 Material Properties 357

14.10 Structural-Analysis Fundamentals 369

14.11 Finite-Element Structural Analysis 389

Chapter 15. Weights 385

15.1 Introduction 395

15.2 Approximate Group Weights Method 399

15.3 Statistical Group Weights Method 399

15.4 Additional Considerations in Weights Estimation 407

Chapter 16. Stability, Control, and Handling Qualities 411

16.1 Introduction 411

16.2 Coordinate Systems and Definitions 413

16.3 Longitudinal Static Stability and Control 414

16.4 Lateral-Directional Static Stability and Control 433

16.5 Stick-Free Stability 441

16.6 Effects of Flexibility 442

16.7 Dynamic Stability 443

16.8 Quasi-Steady State 446

16.9 Inertia Coupling 448

16.10 Handling Qualities 449

Chapter 17. Performance and Flight Mechanics 455

17.1 Introduction and Equations of Motion 455

17.2 Steady Level Flight 457

17.3 Steady Climbing and Descending Flight 463

17.4 Level Turning Flight 467

17.5 Gliding Flight 471

17.6 Energy-Maneuverability Methods 475

17.7 Operating Envelope 483

17.8 Takeoff Analysis 486

17.9 Landing Analysis 489

17.10 Other Fighter Performance Measures of Merit 491

Chapter 18. Cost Analysis 501

18.1 Introduction 501

18.2 Elements of Life-Cycle Cost 503

18.3 Cost-Estimating Methods 505

18.4 RDT&E and Production Costs 506

18.5 Operations and Maintenance Costs 510

18.6 Cost Measures of Merit (Military) 514

18.7 Airline Economics 514

Chapter 19. Sizing and Trade Studies 519

19.1 Introduction 519

19.2 Detailed Sizing Methods 519

19.3 Improved Conceptual Sizing Methods 520

19.4 Sizing Matrix and Carpet Plots 525

19.5 Trade Studies 532

Chapter 20. VTOL Aircraft Design 537

20.1 Introduction 537

20.2 VTOL Terminology 538

20.3 Fundamental Problems of VTOL Design 538

20.4 VTOL Jet-Propulsion Options 541

20.5 Vectoring-Nozzle Types 547

20.6 Suckdown and Fountain Lift 551

20.7 Recirculation and Hot-Gas Ingestion 552

20.8 VTOL Footprint 553

20.9 VTOL Control 554

20.10 VTOL Propulsion Considerations 555

20.11 Weight Effects of VTOL 556

20.12 Sizing Effects of VTOL 557

Chapter 21. Conceptual Design Examples 559

21.1 Introduction 559

21.2 Single-Seat Aerobatic 559

21.3 Lightweight Supercruise Fighter 603

Appendix A 658

A.1 Conversion Tables 658

A.2 Standard Atmosphere and Shock Tables 660

A.3 Airfoil Data 687

A.4 Typical Engine Performance Curves 717

A.5 Design Requirements and Specifications 731

References 735

Subject Index 739