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THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA  VOLUME 2
THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA  VOLUME 2

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  • 电子书积分:30 积分如何计算积分?
  • 作 者:
  • 出 版 社:CLARENDON PRESS
  • 出版年份:2222
  • ISBN:0198254695
  • 页数:1201 页
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《THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA VOLUME 2》目录
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Chapter 16 Maritime Boundaries 635

1.Whether Equidistance is Presumptive 637

2.The Legal Meaning of ‘Straight' Lines 639

3.The Definition of ‘Nautical Mile' 643

4.Large and Small-Scale Nautical Charts 645

5.Relevance of Navigational Practice to Length of Closing Lines 647

6.Location and Proof of Boundaries 648

(1) The Horizontal Datum and Geodetic Spheroid 648

(2) Construction of Boundary Lines 649

7.Location of Position 650

(1) Fixing Position in Relation to Seaward Boundaries 650

(2) Artificial Aids to Location 655

Chapter 17 Delimitation o f the Territorial Sea 658

1.Customary Law 658

(1) Theoretical Solutions 658

(2) State Practice 663

(a) The Arbitrations 663

(b) Treaty and Diplomatic Practice 667

2.Article 12 of the Geneva Convention 673

(1) The Codifications 674

(a) The Institut de Droit International, 1894—1912 674

(b) The International Law Association, 1895—1924 674

(c) The Hague Codification Conference, 1930 675

(2) The Geneva Conference, 1958 676

(a) The Adoption of Article 12 676

(b) The Construction of Article 12 677

3.Special Questions of Delimitation 679

(1) Elimination of Pockets of High Seas 679

(2) Adjacent States with Different Limits 681

(3) The Effect of Geographical Changes 682

Chapter 18 Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and EEZ 684

A. Continental Shelf 684

1.Conventional and Customary Rules of Delimitation 684

(1) The Geneva Convention 684

(2) Customary Law 685

(3) The Montego Bay Convention 689

2.The Relationship Between the Geneva Convention, the Montego Bay Convention, and Customary Law 690

3.The Difference Between Apportionment and Delimitation 691

4.Equitable Delimitation 693

5.The Rule for Delimitation 699

(1) The Unitary or Disparate Character of the Rule 699

(2) Equidistance and Negotiation 700

(3) Whether Equidistance has Primacy 700

(4) Equidistance and Special Circumstances 703

6.Special Circumstances 705

(1) The Conventional and Customary Rules 705

(2) The Scope of Special Circumstances 707

(3) The Catalogue of Special Circumstances 708

(a) Geographical Circumstances 709

(b) Common Mineral Deposits 711

(c) Navigation and Fishing Rights 712

(d) Historical Special Circumstances 713

(e) Islands 714

7.Other Factors Affecting Delimitation 724

(1) Proportionality 724

(2) Proximity 725

(3) Geomorphological Discontinuities 726

B. Delimitation of the EEZ 727

1.The Principle of Delimitation 727

2.Delimitation from Islands 731

Chapter 19 The Theory of Maritime Jurisdiction 733

1.The Doctrine of the Territoriality of Ships 735

2.The Theory of Jurisdiction in the Territorial Sea 737

(1) The Property and Police Theories 737

(2) The Debates in R. v. Keyn on the Extent of Jurisdiction in the Territorial Sea 739

(3) The Consolidation of the Police Theory 741

(4) The Codifications 743

(a) The Institut de Droit International, 1894 743

(b) The Codifications, 1924—30 743

(5) The Sovereignty Theory 744

Chapter 20 Jurisdiction Over Shipping 747

1.Ships 747

(1) The Definition of ‘Ship' 747

(2) The Nationality of a Ship 750

(3) Use of Flag 757

(4) The Connecting Factor in Nationality 757

(5) Commonwealth Ships 761

2.The International Conventions on Shipping 770

(1) Safety of Life at Sea 770

(a) Trinity House Rules 770

(b) The SOLAS Conventions 771

(c) The Safety of Fishing Vessels 774

(2) Nuclear Ships and Carriage of Nuclear Material 774

(3) Tonnage Measurement 775

(4) Load Lines 776

3.International Carriage by Sea 780

(1) Carriage of Passengers and Baggage 780

(2) Liner Conferences 782

(3) Carriage of Goods by Sea 782

4.Limitation of Shipowners' Liability 786

(a) The Merchant Shipping Act, 1894 786

(b) The Brussels Convention, 1957 787

(c) The IMO Convention, 1976 788

(d) Other Conventions 788

(e) The Relationship Between the Conventions 789

(f) The Conflict of Laws Rule 789

5.Distressed, Deserting, and Refugee Seamen 790

Chapter 21 Jurisdiction on the High Seas 792

1.The Juridical Nature of the High Seas 792

(a) Res Nullius 792

(b) Res Communis 793

(c) Public Domain 794

(d) The Theory of Juridicity 794

(e) The Theory of Reasonable Use 795

(f) The General Principles of the Law of the Sea 796

2.The Relativity of the Freedom of the Seas 796

3.The Basis of Jurisdiction on the High Seas 799

(1) Visit and Search 801

(a) The Right of Approach 802

(b) Self-Defence 804

(c) Responsibility for Unjustified Visit and Search 808

(2) Military Practice and Testing 809

(3) Nuclear Testing and Danger Zones 810

4.Assistance at Sea 813

5.Broadcasting at Sea 814

6.Submarine Cables and Pipelines 819

(1) The Freedom of Laying Submarine Cables and Pipelines 819

(2) The Submarine Telegraph Cables Convention, 1884 820

(3) The Relationship Between the Conventions 822

7.Military Uses of the Seabed of the High Seas 824

(1) The Legal Characteristics of the Seabed for MilitaryPurposes 824

(2) The Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof 826

(3) The Treaty of Tlatelolco, 1967 829

Chapter 22 Jurisdiction Over Navigation and Port Access 831

1. Control of Navigation 831

(1) The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 831

(2) Traffic Separation 833

2. Compulsory Pilotage 836

3. Jurisdiction to Charge Tolls 837

(1) The Theories Respecting Tolls 837

(2) The Danish Sounds Dues Controversy 837

(3) The Codifications 839

(4) Light Dues 841

4. Control of Deepwater Ports 842

(a) The Right to Construct Deepwater Ports 843

(b) Jurisdiction over Deepwater Ports 845

(c) Jurisdiction around Deepwater Ports 846

5.Access to Ports 847

(1) The Requirement to Observe Navigational Regulations 847

(2) The Right of Access to Ports 848

(3) Treatment of Ships in Ports 849

(4) Facilitation of Ships in Ports 851

6.Entry into Ports under Force Majeure or Stress of Weather 853

(1) The Theory of Force Majeure 853

(2) The Test of Distress 855

(3) The Extent of the Immunity 856

(4) The Procedure 857

(5) Modern Treaty Practice 857

(6) Force Majeure in the Law of War at Sea 858

Chapter 23 Civil Jurisdiction 859

1.The Jurisdiction of the Forum 859

(1) Admiralty Civil Jurisdiction 860

(a) English Law 860

(b) United States Law 862

(2) The International Basis of Jurisdiction in Rem 865

2.Ships in Territorial Waters 867

(1) Arrest of Ships in Territorial Waters 868

(a) The Right to Arrest 868

(b) Outward-bound, Inward-bound, Anchored, and Hovering Ships 869

(c) Arrest for Previous Liabilities 870

(d) The Relationship between Article 20 and the Brussels Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the Arrest of Sea-going Ships,1952 872

(e) Consular Jurisdiction 873

(f) The Areas of Sea Covered by Article 20 873

(2) The Exercise of Civil Jurisdiction in Personam in the territorial Sea 874

3.Collision Suits 874

(1) Venue in Collision Suits 875

(a) The Brussels Convention, 1952 875

(b) English Law 875

(c) United States Law 876

(2) Choice of Law in Collision Suits 877

(a) The International Rule: General Maritime Law 877

(b) The Brussels Convention, 1910 880

(c) English Law 881

(d) United States Law 886

(e) Civil Law Systems 887

(f) Latin-American Treaties 890

(3) Collisions with Offshore Installations 890

4.Shipboard Torts 890

(1) On the High Seas 891

(2) In Territorial and Internal Waters 893

(a) English and Scottish Law 894

(b) United States Law 902

(3) Acts and Omissions on Offshore Installations 905

5.Salvage 907

(1) The Rights of Salvors 908

(2) Salvage of Wreck and Derelict 909

(3) Jurisdiction Respecting Wrecks and Marine Archeology 911

(a) Ownership of Wrecks 912

(b) The Legal Characteristics of Wreck 913

(c) Territoriality of Law and Admiralty Droits 914

(d) Territoriality of Archeological Legislation 918

Chapter 24 Criminal Jurisdiction 919

A. Prescriptive and Curial Jurisdictions 919

1.The Admiralty Criminal Jurisdiction 920

(1) The History of Admiralty Criminal Law 920

(2) Ambit and Venue 923

(3) The Catalogue of Admiralty Offences 926

(4) Colonial Admiralty Jurisdiction 927

(a) Ambit 928

(b) Venue 929

(5) The Admiralty Law Definition of ‘High Seas' 931

(6) Acts Outside Ships 933

(7) Statutory Jurisdiction 933

2.Offences on the High Seas 935

3.Offences in the Territorial Sea 936

(1) English Law 936

(a) Indictable Offences: the Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 1878 936

(b) Summary Offences 940

(2) The Law of the United States 941

(a) Foreign Ships in American Territorial Waters 941

(b) American Ships in Foreign Territorial Waters 945

(3) French Law 946

(a) The Avis of 1806 946

(b) The French System in Treaty Law 948

(4) Italian Law 949

(5) German Law 950

(6) Other Countries 952

B. Enforcement Jurisdiction 953

1.Enforcement in National Waters 953

(1) Pre-Geneva Doctrine 954

(2) Article 19 of the Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone (Article 27 of the Montego Bay Convention) 956

(a) Inward-bound Ships 958

(b) Outward-bound Ships 958

(c) Ships in Lateral Passage 959

(d) The Implications of ‘Should Not' 960

(e) The Requirements of Consular Consultation 961

(f) Previous Crimes 962

(g) Anchored or Hovering Ships 962

(3) Arrest of Public Ships in the Territorial Sea 963

2.Penal Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision 965

C. Piracy 967

1.The International Law Definition of Piracy 967

(1) Internal Seizure of a Ship 970

(2) Violence by Commissioned Vessels 973

(3) Violence by Unrecognized Insurgents 975

(4) Action Against Pirates 976

(5) Restoration of Pirated Property 977

(6) Territorial and Internal Waters 978

2.Piracy in Municipal Law 979

(1) English Law 979

(2) United States Law 981

(3) French Law 982

(4) Other Countries 983

Chapter 25 Jurisdiction with Respect to Pollution o f the Sea 984

1.General Legal Principles of Responsibility 985

2.Jurisdiction with Respect to Pollution 988

(1) The Third Law of the Sea Conference 989

(a) The Jurisdiction to Prescribe Laws on Pollution 990

(b) Enforcement of Laws on Pollution 992

(c) Enforcement in Cases of Violation in Territorial Waters and the EEZ 992

(d) Safeguards Against Abuse of Enforcement Procedures 993

(e) Primacy of Flag State Enforcement Procedures 993

(f) Enforcement in Straits 994

(g) Penalties 994

(h) Evaluation 994

(2) The Status of the Montego Bay Convention Rules on Pollution 995

3.Generally Accepted International Rules and Standards 997

(1) Early Proposals Respecting Oil Pollution 999

(2) The 1954 Convention 1000

(3) The Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 1003

(4) The Intervention Convention, 1969 1006

(5) The Civil Liability Convention, 1969 1008

(6) The Fund Convention, 1971 1010

4.Dumping and Industrial Discharge 1012

5.Regional Pollution Agreements 1015

6.Pollution Resulting from Oil Drilling 1016

(1) The Bonn Agreement Concerning Pollution of the North Sea by Oil, 1969 1017

(2) The Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Resulting from Exploration for and Exploitation of Seabed Mineral Resources, 1977 1017

7.State Practice 1018

(a) The United Kingdom 1019

(b) The United States 1020

8.Ice-covered Areas 1022

(a) The Canadian Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act 1022

(b) The Third Law of the Sea Conference 1025

Chapter 26 Jurisdiction Respecting Marine Scientific Research 1027

1.The High Seas 1027

2.The EEZ 1028

3.The Continental Shelf 1030

Chapter 27 Jurisdiction Over the Contiguous Zone 1034

1.The Genesis of the Contiguous Zone 1034

(1) The British Hovering Acts 1034

(2) The United States Legislation 1038

(3) The Civil Law Systems 1040

(a) The French Customs Law 1040

(b) The Belgian Customs Law 1041

(c) The Norwegian Customs Law 1041

(d) The Spanish Customs Law 1041

2.The Autonomous Character of the Contiguous Zone 1043

3.State Practice and the Contiguous Zone 1045

(1) Dominion Legislation 1045

(2) Diplomatic and Arbitral Practice, 1882—1920 1047

(3) The Russian Customs Zone, 1910 1049

(4) The United States Prohibition Controversy 1049

(5) The Baltic Liquor Treaty, 1925 1052

4.The Codifications, 1894—1930 1052

5.Modern Doctrine and Practice 1053

6.Quarantine 1054

7.The Geneva Convention 1055

8.The Third Law of the Sea Conference 1056

9.The Powers of Prevention and Punishment 1057

Chapter 28 Enforcement of the Law 1062

1.Deployment of Resources: the Doctrine of Effectivity 1063

2.The Power of Arrest and Enforcement in English Law 1065

(1) Common Law Offences 1065

(2) Revenue Offences 1067

(3) Fishing Offences 1068

(a) The Specification of the Offence 1068

(b) The Power of Enforcement 1070

3.Enforcement Powers in International Law 1070

(1) The Relativity of Enforcement Powers 1070

(2) The Degree of Force 1071

4.Proof of Location 1074

5.The Concept of the Incidental Catch 1075

6.Hot Pursuit 1075

(1) The Rationale of the Doctrine 1076

(2) The Status of the Doctrine 1078

(a) The Codifications 1078

(b) The Geneva Convention: Article 23 (Montego Bay Convention, Article 111) 1079

(3) When the Right Arises 1079

(a) The Catalogue of Offences giving Rise to Hot Pursuit 1079

(b) Where must the Offence be Committed? 1081

(c) Suspicion and Attempted Offences 1088

(4) Where the Pursuit Commences 1089

(5) When the Right Terminates 1089

(6) The Character of Pursuit 1091

(7) The Doctrine of Constructive Presence 1092

Chapter 29 The Law o f Belligerency at Sea 1094

1.The Distinction between War and Limited War 1094

2.The Evolution of the Law of War at Sea 1101

(a) The Declaration of Paris, 1856 1102

(b) The Hague Conferences, 1899 and 1907 1103

(c) The Washington Treaty, 1922 1104

(d) The London Protocol, 1936 1105

(e) The Geneva Conventions (Red Cross), 1949 1105

3.The Doctrine of Military Necessity 1105

4.Belligerent Vessels 1106

(1) The Definition of ‘Warship' 1106

(2) Defensively Armed Merchant Vessels 1108

5.War Zones and Exclusion Zones 1109

6.Capture of Belligerent Vessels 1112

(1) The Right of Capture 1112

(2) The Mode of Capture 1114

(a) Visit and Search 1114

(b) Detention 1115

(c) The Right of Destruction 1115

(d) Treatment of Crews and Passengers 1117

(3) The Place of Capture 1117

(4) Ships Exempted from Capture 1119

(a) Hospital Ships 1119

(b) Coastal Fishing Boats 1122

(c) Ships in Petty Local Navigation 1123

(d) Cartel Ships 1123

(e) Ships Engaged in Scientific, Religious, or Philanthropic Missions 1123

(f) Mail Ships 1123

(5) Capture on the Outbreak of War 1124

7.Access of Belligerents to Neutral Ports 1126

(1) Warships in Neutral Ports 1126

(2) Prizes in Neutral Ports 1129

(3) Submarines in Territorial Waters 1129

8.The Legality of Weapons Systems 1130

(1) Missile Warfare 1131

(2) Submarine Warfare 1131

(3) Mine Warfare 1138

(4) Naval Bombardment and Naval Gunfire Support 1139

9.Ruses de Guerre 1140

Chapter 30 Economic Warfare at Sea 1141

1.The Status of the Law of Neutrality 1141

2.Contraband 1142

(1) The Definition of Contraband 1142

(2) Enemy Destination 1144

(3) The Doctrine of Continuous Voyage 1146

(4) The Navicert System 1147

(5) Breach of Contraband 1148

(6) The Doctrine of Infection 1149

3.Blockade 1150

(1) The Traditional Concept of Blockade 1150

(2) Long-Distance Blockade 1151

(3) The Present Status of the Law of Blockade 1154

(4) Breach of Blockade 1156

(5) Pacific Blockade 1157

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1159

TABLE OF CASES 1171

INDEX OF CONVENTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 1185

INDEX OF AUTHORS CITED 1191

GENERAL INDEX 1197

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