Prior informed consent and hazardous tradePDF电子书下载

Part ⅠIssues and Concepts 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3

1.1 Aspects of Hazardous Trade 3

1.1.1 The Protection Aspect 5

1.1.2 The Sovereignty Aspect 8

1.1.3 The Trade Aspect 9

1.2 PIC and Other Trade-Regulating Instruments 12

1.3 Definitions and Terminology 14

1.4 General Structure of the Study 18

Chapter 2 International Law Premises 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Particular Features of International Law 21

2.3 On Customary Law 24

2.4 Indeterminacy and Concreteness 25

2.5 The Role of Domestic Law 27

Chapter 3 Sovereignty 31

3.1 Introduction 31

3.2 Historical Outline 32

3.3 Sovereignty and Territory 34

3.4 Economic Sovereignty 36

3.5 Sovereignty a Viable Notion? 38

3.6 Effective Sovereignty and Hazardous Trade 42

3.7 Perspectives on Sovereignty 44

3.8 Conclusions 46

Chapter 4 Hazardous Trade as Transboundary Harm 49

4.1 Introduction 49

4.2 The No-Harm Principle 49

4.3 Substantive Obligations 52

4.4 Procedural Obligations 54

4.5 ILC's Draft Articles 57

4.6 The Contribution of Case Law 58

4.7 Conclusions Regarding the No-Harm Principle 60

4.8 The No-Harm Principle and Trade in Hazardous Substances 61

4.9 Domestically Prohibited Goods 66

Part Ⅱ Hazardous-Trade Regimes 71

Chapter 5 The Hazardous-Waste Regime 73

5.1 Introduction 73

5.1.1 Historical Background 74

5.2 The Basel Convention 75

5.2.1 The Negotiations 75

5.2.2 Objectives and Basic Premises 76

5.2.3 Scope 77

5.2.4 Minimization of Generation and Trade 79

5.2.5 Prerequisites for Export 79

5.2.6 The PIC Procedure 81

5.2.7 Obligations Pertaining to Exported Wastes 83

5.2.8 The Basel Ban 84

5.2.9 The Membership and Non-Parties 86

5.3 The Bamako Convention 87

5.3.1 Introduction 87

5.3.2 Provisions of the Convention 87

5.4 Other Regional Conventions 90

5.4.1 The Waigani Convention 91

5.4.2 The Mediterranean Sea Protocol 91

5.5 Radioactive Waste 92

5.6 EC Law 94

5.7 Indian Law 98

5.8 US Law 102

5.9 Comments and Conclusions 106

5.9.1 Introduction 106

5.9.2 Minimizing Generation and Trade 107

5.9.3 The PIC Procedure 108

5.9.4 Environmentally Sound Management 110

5.9.5 Trade Bans 111

5.9.6 Parties and Non-Parties 113

Chapter 6 The Hazardous-Chemicals Regime 115

6.1 Introduction 115

6.1.1 Historical Background 116

6.2 The Rotterdam Convention 120

6.2.1 The Negotiations 120

6.2.2 Interim Arrangements 121

6.2.3 Objective 122

6.2.4 Scope and Definitions 123

6.2.5 Inclusion of Chemicals in the PIC Procedure 124

6.2.6 Severely Hazardous Pesticide Formulations 127

6.2.7 Removal of Chemicals from the PIC Procedure 128

6.2.8 Functioning of the PIC Procedure 128

6.2.9 Export Notification 130

6.2.10 Information 131

6.2.11 The Membership and Non-Parties 131

6.3 EC Law 132

6.4 Indian Law 139

6.5 US Law 141

6.6 Comments and Conclusions 144

6.6.1 Introduction 144

6.6.2 The PIC Procedure 145

6.6.3 Risk Assessment 148

6.6.4 Inclusion of Chemicals in the Procedure 149

6.6.5 Export Notification 153

6.6.6 Export in Breach of Obligations 154

6.6.7 Decision-Making 155

Chapter 7 The Biosafety Regime 157

7.1 Introduction 157

7.1.1 Historical Background 158

7.2 The Cartagena Protocol 159

7.2.1 The Negotiations 159

7.2.2 Scope 162

7.2.3 Information and Expertise 164

7.2.4 Functioning of the AIA Procedure 165

7.2.5 Procedure for LMO-FFPs 169

7.2.6 Principles for Decision-Making 171

7.2.7 The Membership and Non-Parties 174

7.3 EC Law 175

7.4 Indian Law 178

7.5 US Law 181

7.6 Comments and Conclusions 182

7.6.1 Introduction 182

7.6.2 The AIA Procedure 182

7.6.3 The Procedure for LMO-FFPs 184

7.6.4 Non-responding Parties 186

7.6.5 Decision-Making: The Precautionary Approach 187

7.6.6 Decision-Making: Socio-economic Considerations 190

7.6.7 LMOs and Developing Countries 191

7.6.8 Non-Parties 193

Chapter 8 Comparison and Analysis of the Hazardous-Trade Regimes 195

8.1 Introduction 195

8.2 Bans 195

8.3 PIC Procedures 197

8.3.1 The Substances to Which PIC Applies 197

8.3.2 Instances of Transboundary Movements to Which PIC Applies 199

8.3.3 Nature of Consent Requirement 201

8.3.4 Decision-Making on PIC 202

8.3.5 How Decisions Are Made 203

8.3.6 Principles Governing Decision-Making 205

8.3.7 The Role of Precaution 208

8.3.8 Concluding Reflections 211

8.4 Export Notification Procedures 212

8.5 Prior Notification in Maritime Transport 213

Part Ⅲ The Free-Trade Regime 215

Chapter 9 Free-Trade Law 217

9.1 The Role of General International Law 217

Chapter 10 WTO Law 221

10.1 Introduction 221

10.2 The World Trade Organization 221

10.3 General Overview of Relevant WTO Law 223

10.3.1 The GATT 223

10.3.2 Other Relevant Agreements 225

10.4 Focus and Procedural Aspects 226

10.4.1 Focus of the Analysis 226

10.4.2 Procedural Aspects 226

10.5 Pertinent GATT Provisions 228

10.5.1 Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions 228

10.5.2 Most-Favoured-Nation 229

10.5.3 National Treatment 229

10.5.4 Environmental and Health Exceptions 232

10.6 The TBT Agreement 238

10.7 The SPS Agreement 241

10.8 Relationship between the Agreements 248

10.9 Compatibility of PIC-Applying MEAs with WTO Law 249

10.9.1 Bans 249

10.9.2 PIC Procedures 253

10.9.3 The SPS and TBT Agreements 256

10.9.4 Export Notification Procedures 260

10.9.5 Conclusions 260

Chapter 11 Conflicts between the Environmental Regime and the Free-Trade Regime 263

11.1 Introduction 263

11.2 The Symmetrical Membership Case 264

11.3 The Asymmetrical Membership Case 269

Part Ⅳ Analysis and Reflections 275

Chapter 12 Objectives and Regulatory Instruments 277

12.1 Values and Objectives 277

12.2 Assessment Criteria 281

12.3 Trade Bans 284

12.3.1 Import Bans 284

12.3.2 Export Bans 285

12.4 PIC Procedures 287

12.5 Export Notifications 290

Chapter 13 Further Aspects of PIC 291

13.1 What PIC Is Not 291

13.2 Preconditions for the Functioning of PIC 293

13.3 Status of PIC in International Law 296

Chapter 14 General Conclusions 303

14.1 The Right to Regulate 303

14.2 The Ability to Control 305

Tables of Materials 309

Treaties and Laws 309

Cases 314

Bibliography 317

Official Documents 328

Miscellaneous 334

Index 335