INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS INTERNATIONAL LAWPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1International Law and the Operations of the International Financial Institutions&Daniel D.Bradlow 1

Ⅰ.Introduction 1

Ⅱ.A Brief Description of the IFIs 2

A.International Monetary Fund 4

1.Membership and Voting 4

2.Function 5

3.Governance 8

B.The World Bank Group 9

Ⅲ.General Principles of International Law Applicable to IFIs 11

A.Treaty Law 12

B.Customary International Law 17

C.General Principles Accepted by All Nations 23

D.IFI Compliance with International Law 23

Ⅳ.IFIs and the Development of International Law 25

A.Policies and Procedures 25

B.Accountability 27

Ⅴ.Conclusion 29

Chapter 2International Financial Institutions and International Law：A Third World Perspective&B.S.Chimni 31

Ⅰ.Introduction 31

Ⅱ.The TWAIL Approach to International Law and Institutions 32

Ⅲ.Changing Role of IFIs： Interpretations of Mandates and Conditionalities 35

A.Interpreting the Mandates 39

B.The Interpretation of Conditionalities 41

Ⅳ.IFIs and International Human Rights Law 43

Ⅴ.The Accountability and Responsibility of IFIs in International Law 46

A.Accountability of IFIs： The World Bank Inspection Panel 48

B.ILC and Responsibility of International Organizations 52

Ⅵ.Third World and the Governance of IFIs 55

Ⅶ.Final Remarks 60

Chapter 3Responsibility of International Financial Institutions under International Law&Eisuke Suzuki 63

Ⅰ.Introduction 63

Ⅱ.The Incongruity of State Responsibility， the Responsibility of International Organizations， and the Wall of Immunity of International Organizations 65

Ⅲ.International Financial Institutions and International Law 69

A.International Financial Institutions and the U.N.System 70

B.IFIs and the Liability of Member States 76

C.Internal Rules of IFIs and International Responsibility 78

Ⅳ.The Rules of the IFIs regarding their Accountability under International Law 80

A.Accountability or Responsibility？ 80

B.Analysis of Possible Claims against IFIs for their Failure to Comply with Internal Policies and Procedures 83

C.The Case Study： The Samut Prakarn Wastewater Management Project 88

Ⅴ.Recommendations 96

A.Clarification of Policies 97

B.Reconfiiguration of Authority and Control 99

Ⅵ.Conclusion 101

Chapter 4 International Financial Institutions before National Courts&August Reinisch and Jakob Wurm 103

Ⅰ.Introduction 103

Ⅱ.Applicable Legal Personality and Immunity Provisions 104

Ⅲ.The Standing of IFIs to Pursue Their Rights in National Courts - The Hashim v.AMF Saga 107

Ⅳ.IFIs and Their ‘Implicit’ Immunity in Employment Disputes 111

Ⅴ.IFIs and Their Lack of Immunity in Borrowing and Lending Operations 123

Ⅵ.Specific Circumstances Involving IFIs before National Courts 128

Ⅶ.IFIs’ Involvement in Bankruptcy Proceedings 129

Ⅷ.Conclusion 134

Chapter 5Rethinking International Financial Institution Immunity&Steven Herz 137

Ⅰ.The Public Accountability of IFIs 139

Ⅱ.Immunity and Accountability 153

A.The Prevailing View： ‘Functional Necessity’ as Absolute Immunity 153

B.Objections to the Prevailing View 157

C.Human Rights and Other International Law-based Claims 161

Ⅲ.The Way Forward： Alternative Mechanisms as a Prerequisite for Immunity 163

Ⅳ.Conclusion 165

Chapter 6 Regulation and Resource Dependency： The Legal and Political Aspects of Structural Adjustment Programmes&Celine Tan 167

Ⅰ.Introduction 167

Ⅱ.Structural Adjustment from Stabilization to Debt Relief 168

A.From Automaticity to Conditionality 169

B.A New Landscape for Development Financing 172

C.The Debt Crisis and the Entrenchment of Structural Adjustment 175

Ⅲ.Legal Diversity， Political Multiplicities： The Normative Character of Structural Adjustment 178

A.IMF Arrangements as Collateral Substitutes 178

B.Trust Fund Arrangements and Concessional Lending 181

C.The World Bank’s Policy-Based Lending 184

Ⅳ.Structural Adjustment， Conditionality， and the Bretton Woods Institutions 187

A.Conditionality and Policy Regulation 188

B.Discretionary Control 190

C.Mission Creep 193

Ⅴ.Conclusion 195

Chapter 7International Law and Public Participation in Policy-Making at the International Financial Institutions&David B.Hunter 199

Ⅰ.Introduction 199

Ⅱ.The Focus of the Policy-Making Process： Conflict over the IFIs’ Environmental and Social Standards 202

A.Pressure from the Outside： Managing Conflicts with Civil Society 202

B.The Outcome of the Policy Dialogue： The IFIs’ Environmental and Social Policies 204

Ⅲ.The Importance of Administrative Procedures in the IFI Context 209

A.The Growing Linkage between Process Rights and Development Effectiveness 209

B.Procedural Fairness as a Source of Legitimacy 211

C.Administrative Procedural Rights in International Law 212

1.Access to Information and Transparency 215

2.Public Participation 217

3.Access to Justice and Accountability 219

Ⅳ.The Emerging Administrative Practice of IFIs 221

A.A Brief Illustration： Revising the World Bank Information Policy 221

B.The Stages of the IFI Policy-Making Process 223

1.Notice of Process 223

2.Release of Consultation Plan 224

3.Problem Defiinition and Initial Scoping 225

4.Soliciting Comments on Draft Policies 227

5.Response to Comments 229

6.Release of Final Draft Recommendation before Decision 229

7.Documentation of Decision 230

8.Access to Independent Review 231

Ⅴ.Next Steps： Toward Codifiication of Administrative Procedures at IFIs 232

A.The Authority to Codify Administrative Procedures 233

B.The Advantages of Codifiication 235

C.Conclusion 237

Chapter 8International Financial Institutions and Human Rights：Select Perspectives on Legal Obligations&Siobhan McInerney-Lankford 239

Ⅰ.Introduction 239

Ⅱ.Establishing the Context： Human Rights and Development as Interrelated Spheres 241

A.Human Rights Related Practice 242

B.Human Rights Principles 245

C.Human Rights 247

Ⅲ.Human Rights Obligations under International Law 252

A.Introduction： Human Rights Obligations - The Neglected Dimension 252

B.Non-treaty Sources 255

C.Charter-Based Human Rights Obligations 259

Ⅳ.Nature of States’ Human Rights Obligations in the Context of Development： Tackling Accountability through Treaties 261

Ⅴ.State Parties’ Obligations under Human Rights Treaties as Relevant to IFIs： The Example of the ICESCR 269

A.Human Rights Treaties 269

B.State Parties’ Obligations under the ICESCR as Relevant to IFIs 271

C.Limburg Principles 274

D.Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic，Social， and Cultural Rights， Maastricht，22-26 January 1997 275

E.Tilburg Guiding Principles on World Bank， IMF，and Human Rights 277

Ⅵ.The Potential Role of IFIs under the ICESCR 278

A.Introduction： No Obligation， But a Role？ 278

B.IBRD Articles of Agreement 279

C.1947 Agreement between the IBRD and United Nations 281

D.Role of Specialized Agencies under the ICESCR 282

Ⅶ.Conclusions 284

Chapter 9Indigenous Peoples and International Financial Institutions&Fergus MacKay 287

Ⅰ.Introduction 288

Ⅱ.IFI Policies on Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights 295

A.The World Bank Group 297

B.Asian Development Bank （ADB） 299

C.European Bank for Reconstruction and Development （EBRD） 301

D.Inter-American Development Bank （IDB） 302

E.Conclusions on Current IFI Policies Regarding Human Rights 302

Ⅲ.IFI Policies and the Right to Free， Prior， and Informed Consent （FPIC） 303

A.Saramaka People v.Suriname 307

B.Evaluation of IFI Policies against the FPIC Standard 312

Ⅳ.Concluding Remarks 317

Chapter 10Worker Rights and the International Financial Institutions&Jerome I.Levinson 321

Ⅰ.The Beginning 321

A.Other Priorities： Latin America 324

B.The International Labour Organization 326

Ⅱ.The Debt Crisis of the 1980s 327

Ⅲ.A Change in Strategy： 1985 328

Ⅳ.Rising Unemployment and Income Inequality 330

A.Argentina 334

B.The Aftermath of the Argentinean Experience 337

Ⅴ.United States Policy 338

Ⅵ.The World Trade Organization and Workers’ Rights 341

Ⅶ.Conclusion 342

Chapter 11International Environmental Law， the World Bank， and International Financial Institutions&Charles E.Di Leva 343

Ⅰ.Introduction 343

Ⅱ.Background： The Maturing of Environment within the World Bank and Other IFIs 346

Ⅲ.Environmental Policies and their Role and Relationship with International Environmental Law 350

A.Background to World Bank Environment-related Policies 350

1.Rio Principles Related to Procedural Rights and World Bank Environmental Procedures 352

a.Environmental Assessment （EA） 352

b.Access to Information/Public Participation 352

c.Notification for Projects with Transboundary Impacts 353

d.Access to Justice 355

2.Substantive ‘Environmental’ Principles 356

a.Precautionary Principle and Polluter Pays Principle 356

b.Addressing Transboundary Movement of Harmful Substances 358

c.Providing Substantive Benefiits to Indigenous Peoples 358

d.Developing Effective Environmental Legislation 360

e.Seeking to Remove the Gender Gap 362

B.Environmental Safeguard Policies among the IFIs 363

1.Inter-American Development Bank （IDB） 363

2.European Bank for Reconstruction and Development（EBRD） 365

3.Asian Development Bank （ADB） 366

4.African Development Bank （AfDB） 367

5.International Finance Corporation （IFC） 368

Ⅳ.Supporting International Environmental Law through Partnerships for Sustainable Development 370

A.Increasing of Financial Support for Multilateral Environmental Agreements and for Global Public Goods 373

1.Climate Change 374

2.Biodiversity 381

3.Global Agriculture 382

4.Chemicals and Hazardous Substances 382

5.Implementing International Environmental Law at the Regional and National Level 383

Ⅴ.Conclusion 385

Conclusion： The Future of International Law and International Financial Institutions&Daniel D.Bradlow and David B.Hunter 387

Index 399