FORENSIC SCIENCE AN LNTRODUCTIONPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 2

Definition and Scope of Forensic Science 4

History and Development of Forensic Science 6

Crime Laboratories 14

The Functions of the Forensic Scientist 23

Exploring Forensic Science on the Internet 32

Chapter Review 34

Review Questions 35

Application and Critical Thinking 38

Endnotes 40

Chapter 2 The Crime Scene 42

Physical Evidence and the Crime Scene 44

Preserving and Recording the Crime Scene 45

Dealing with Physical Evidence 52

The Murder Scene: Death and Autopsies 61

Chapter Review 76

Quick Lab: Crime-Scene Sketch 77

Quick Lab: Anthropometric Activity 77

Review Questions 78

Application and Critical Thinking 80

Chapter 3 Physical Evidence 82

Common Types of Physical Evidence 84

The Examination of Physical Evidence 86

The Significance of Physical Evidence 91

Forensic Databases 95

Chapter Review 102

Review Questions 103

Application and Critical Thinking 104

Endnotes 105

Chapter 4 Properties of Matter and the Analysis of Glass 106

Properties of Matter 108

The Nature of Matter 111

Theory of Light 116

Physical Properties of Matter 120

Forensic Analysis of Glass 127

Chapter Review 140

Quick Lab: Glass and Density 141

Review Questions 142

Application and Critical Thinking 144

Endnotes 146

Chapter 5 Drugs 148

Drug Dependence 151

Types of Drugs 155

Drug-Control Laws 170

Forensic Drug Analysis 174

Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence 195

Chapter Review 196

Quick Lab: Chromatography 197

Quick Lab: Drug Screening Test 198

Quick Lab: What Is the White Powder? 199

Review Questions 200

Application and Critical Thinking 202

Endnotes 205

Chapter 6 Forensic Toxicology 206

The Role of Forensic Toxicology 208

Toxicology of Alcohol 209

Testing for Intoxication 215

The Analysis of Blood for Alcohol 225

Alcohol and the Law 227

The Role of the Toxicologist 230

Chapter Review 246

Quick Lab: pH Test 247

Review Questions 248

Application and Critical Thinking 250

Endnotes 252

Chapter 7 The Microscope 254

Basics of the Microscope 256

The Compound Microscope 258

The Comparison Microscope 261

The Stereoscopic Microscope 263

The Polarizing Microscope 265

The Microspectrophotometer 266

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 269

Chapter Review 276

Quick Lab: Focusing the Microscope 277

Quick Lab: Creating Wet-Mount Slides 278

Review Questions 279

Application and Critical Thinking 281

Chapter 8 Forensic Serology 282

The Nature of Blood 285

Immunoassay Techniques 289

Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains 293

Principles of Heredity 298

Forensic Characterization of Semen 302

Collection of Rape Evidence 306

Chapter Review 314

Quick Lab: Blood Typing 315

Quick Lab: Luminol Test 316

Review Questions 317

Application and Critical Thinking 319

Endnotes 323

Chapter 9 DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool 324

Understanding DNA 326

Replicaiton of DNA 331

DNA Typing with Tandem Repeats 336

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 344

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) 346

Mitochondrial DNA 353

The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) 356

Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis 357

Chapter Review 366

Quick Lab: Buccal Swab 368

Review Questions 370

Application and Critical Thinking 370

Endnotes 373

Chapter 10 Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 374

Crime-Scene Reconstruction 376

General Features of Bloodstain Formation 378

Impact Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 383

More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 387

Other Bloodstain Patterns 392

Chapter Review 402

Quick Lab: Blood Drop Analysis 404

Quick Lab: Blood Spatter Analysis 405

Review Questions 406

Application and Critical Thinking 409

Chapter 11 Trace Evidence Ⅰ: Hairs and Fibers 410

Forensic Examination of Hair 412

Forensic Examination of Fibers 423

Chapter Review 438

Review Questions 439

Application and Critical Thinking 441

Endnotes 443

Chapter 12 Trace Evidence Ⅱ: Metals, Paint, and Soil 444

Forensic Analysis of Metals 446

Forensic Examination of Paint 455

Forensic Analysis of Soil 469

Chapter Review 476

Review Questions 477

Application and Critical Thinking 478

Endnotes 479

Chapter 13 Forensic Aspects of Fire Investigation 480

Forensic Investigation of Arson 482

The Chemistry of Fire 482

Searching the Fire Scene 492

Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence 495

Analysis of Flammable Residues 497

Chapter Review 502

Review Questions 503

Application and Critial Thinking 505

Endnotes 507

Chapter 14 Forensic Investigation of Explosions 508

Explosions and Explosives 510

Collection and Analysis of Evidence of Explosives 518

Chapter Review 528

Review Questions 529

Application and Critical Thinking 530

Endnotes 531

Chapter 14 Fingerprints 532

History of Fingerprinting 534

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints 537

Classification of Fingerprints 543

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems 544

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 548

Preservation of Developed Prints 559

Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement 560

Chapter Review 564

Review Questions 565

Quick Lab: Fingerprinting 566

Application and Critical Thinking 568

Endnotes 571

Chapter 16 Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions 572

Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons 574

Automated Firearms Search Systems 583

Gunpowder Residues 587

Primer Residues on the Hands 591

Serial Number Restoration 597

Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence 598

Tool Marks 600

Other Impressions 603

Chapter Review 616

Review Questions 617

Quick Lab: Toolmarks 618

Application and Critical Thinking 620

Endnotes 621

Chapter 17 Document Examination 622

The Document Examiner 624

Handwriting Comparisons 624

Typescript Comparisons 631

Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations 634

Other Document Problems 641

Chapter Review 646

Review Questions 647

Quick Lab: Handwriting Comparison 648

Application and Critical Thinking 650

Endnotes 651

Chapter 18 Computer Forensics 652

From Input to Output: How Does the Computer Work? 655

Putting It All Together 658

Sorting and Retrieving Data 659

Processing the Electronic Crime Scene 662

Analysis of Electronic Data 667

Forensic Analysis of lnternet Data 674

Forensic Investigation of Internet Communications 677

Chapter Review 682

Review Questions 684

Application and Critical Thinking 686

Endnotes 687

Chapter 19 Careers in Forensic Science 689

Disciplines in Forensic Science 690

College Courses in Forensic Science 695

Appendix Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence—FBI 699

Index 716

Photo Credits 732