ESTIMATES OF COST OF CRIME HISTORYPDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

2 What Are Costs of Crime? 5

2.1 What is Crime 5

2.2 What is a Cost? 9

2.3 Categories of Costs 10

2.3.1 Costs of Crime Itself 10

2.3.2 Cost of Society's Response 16

2.3.3 Costs in Anticipation of Crime 17

2.4 Why Calculate Costs of Crime? 17

3 Costs of Crime Estimation Techniques 19

3.1 Total or Incremental Cost of Crime 19

3.2 Ex Ante and Ex Post Perspectives 21

3.3 A Short History of Costs of Crime 22

3.4 Property Prices 26

3.5 Jury Awards 31

3.6 Contingent Valuation 34

3.7 Fear of Crime and Shadow Pricing 39

3.8 Total Cost of Crime 40

3.9 Other Estimates 47

3.10 Discussion 48

3.10.1 Ex Ante and Ex Post Perspectives 48

3.10.2 Marginal and Total Cost of Crime 52

3.10.3 Lack of Categorization 53

3.10.4 Comprehensiveness 54

3.10.5 Recommendation 55

4 Implications for Criminal Policy 57

4.1 Costs Estimates and Theories of Punishment 57

4.1.1 Harm and Culpability 59

4.1.2 Retributivism 62

4.1.3 Consequentialism 76

4.2 Costs Estimates and Sentencing Policy 83

4.2.1 Social Perception of the Seriousness of Crime 86

4.2.2 Criminal Law and Public Opinion 89

4.2.3 Normative Seriousness of Crime 93

4.2.4 Judicial Perception of Seriousness of Crime 97

4.3 Crime Prevention 104

4.3.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis in Criminal Law 104

4.3.2 Benefits of Cost-Benefit Analysis 111

4.3.3 Cost of Crime Estimates in Assessing Crime Policies 115

5 Conclusions 121

Bibliography 125

Index 135