International Labour LawPDF电子书下载

List of Abbreviations 15

Introduction 17

CHAPTER Ⅰ. HISTORICAL AND GENERAL BACKGROUND 17

1. Definition 17

2. Historical development 17

3. The establishment of the International Labour Organization 18

4. The activity of the International Labour Organization 19

Ⅰ. The International Labour Conference 19

Ⅱ. The Declaration of Philadelphia 19

Ⅲ. The agreements with the UN and other international organizations 19

Ⅳ. The international labour standards 20

5. The purpose of international labour standards 20

Ⅰ. International competition 21

Ⅱ. Contribution to the consolidation of peace 22

Ⅲ. Social justice 23

Ⅳ. Social and human objectives of economic development 25

Ⅴ. International movement of workers and goods 25

Ⅵ. Consolidation of national labour legislation 26

Ⅶ. Source of inspiration for national action 26

6. International labour standards and technical co-operation 26

CHAPTER Ⅱ. THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 27

1. The membership of the ILO 27

Ⅰ. States Members and rules governing membership 27

Ⅱ. Withdrawal 28

2. The tripartite structure 29

Ⅰ. Problems relating to workers' representatives 30

A. The problem of trade union pluralism 30

B. The problem of countries whose trade union system is not considered to be in conformity with freedom of association 31

Ⅱ. Problems relating to employers' representatives 32

3. The organs of the ILO 34

Ⅰ. The International Labour Conference 34

Ⅱ. The Governing Body 36

Ⅲ. The International Labour Office 37

Ⅳ. Technical committees and meetings 38

Ⅴ.Regional meetings 38

4. The competence of the ILO 38

Ⅰ. The question of agricultural work 39

Ⅱ. The question of means of production 39

Ⅲ. The question of the personal work of the employers 40

Ⅳ. The question of women holding positions of supervision 40

Ⅴ. More recent evolution. The competence of the ILO as redefined by the Declaration of Philadelphia 41

5. The standard-setting activities of the ILO and other international organizations 42

CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR LAW 42

1. ILO Sources 43

Ⅰ. The Constitution of the ILO 43

Ⅱ. Conventions and Recommendations 43

A. Nature and characteristics 44

The International Labour Code 46

B. The procedure for the adoption of Conventions and Recommendations 46

1. The inclusion of items on the agenda of the Conference 46

2. The discussion and adoption by the Conference 47

C. The problems encountered in framing Conventions and Recommendations 49

1. The diversity of national conditions 49

a. Universal or regional standards? 49

b. The level of the standards 50

c. The flexibility clauses 51

1. Options allowed to States as regards obligations undertaken 51

2. Flexibility in the formulation of the standard 52

Flexibility as regards the scope 52

Flexibility as regards the content of the obligation 52

3. Flexibility as regards the methods of application 53

d. The drafting of the standard 54

e. Results of flexibility clauses 54

2. The nature of the rights which may be the subject of international standards 54

3. The choice between a Convention and a Recommendation 55

4. The adjustment to change. The revision of Conventions and Recommendations 57

Ⅲ. Less formal instruments 59

Ⅳ. Interpretation 60

Ⅴ. Case law 61

Ⅵ. Instruments adopted by special Conferences under the auspices or with the co-operation of the ILO 62

2. United Nations instruments 63

3. Regional instruments 64

Ⅰ. Council of Europe instruments 64

A. European Social Charter 64

B. The European Human Rights Convention 65

C. Social Security instruments 65

Ⅱ.European Communities standards 66

Ⅲ. Other regional instruments 66

4. Bilateral treaties 67

Ⅰ. Labour treaties 67

Ⅱ. Social insurance treaties 69

Ⅲ. Conclusion 69

5. Relations between the sources 70

Ⅰ. The role of the various international sources 70

Ⅱ. The conflict between international sources 71

A. Preventive steps 71

B. Cases of conflict 72

CHAPTER Ⅳ. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 74

Part Ⅰ: The Content of International Labour Law 79

CHAPTER Ⅰ. FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION FOR TRADE UNION PURPOSES 79

1. General outline 79

2. The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87) 81

Ⅰ. The right to establish trade union organizations 81

Ⅱ. The rights and guarantees of trade union organizations 83

Ⅲ. The right to strike 85

3. The Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98) 86

4. The Workers' Representatives Convention (No. 135)and Recommendation (No. 143) of 1971 87

5. The Rural Workers' Organizations Convention (No. 141)and Recommendation (No. 149) of 1975 89

6. The Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention (No. 151)and Recommendation (No. 159) of 1978 90

7. Fields in which additional studies and standards have been contemplated 91

8. Other international standards 92

Ⅰ. Universal standards 92

Ⅱ. European standards 93

9. Bilateral treaties 95

CHAPTER Ⅱ. FORCED LABOUR 95

1. General outline 95

2. The Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) 96

3. The Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) 97

4. Problems of application of the Forced Labour Conventions 98

Ⅰ. The problems of forced labour for economic purposes 98

Ⅱ. The various youth services 99

Ⅲ. The problems of forced labour for political purposes 101

Ⅳ. The problems of forced labour as a means of labour discipline 101

5. Other international standards 102

CHAPTER Ⅲ. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT 104

1. General outline 104

2. The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation)Convention and Recommendation, 1958 (No. 111) 105

Ⅰ. Definition of the term 'discrimination' 106

Ⅱ. Measures which are not deemed to be discrimination 107

Ⅲ. Individuals and fields covered 109

Ⅳ. Action designed to eliminate discrimination 109

3. The action in the field of apartheid 111

4. Other international standards 113

CHAPTER Ⅳ. EMPLOYMENT 114

1. General outline 114

2. Employment policy 116

3. Unemployment 118

Ⅰ. The Unemployment Convention, 1919 (No. 2) 118

Ⅱ. The unemployment of young persons 119

Ⅲ. The organization of public works 119

4. Placement 120

Ⅰ. The abolition or regulation of fee-charging employment agencies 120

A. The progressive abolition of fee-charging employment agencies conducted with a view to profit and the regulation of the other employment agencies 120

B. The regulation of fee-charging employment agencies 121

C. Ratification and problems of application of Convention No. 96 121

D. The problem of temporary work agencies 122

Ⅱ. The employment service 122

5. Apprenticeship, vocational guidance and training 123

6. Other international standards 124

CHAPTER Ⅴ. WAGES 125

1. General outline 125

2. Minimum wage-fixing 126

Ⅰ. Introduction 126

Ⅱ. The 1928 Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention (No. 26) and Recommendation (No. 30) 127

Ⅲ. The 1951 Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery(Agriculture) Convention (No. 99) and Recommendation (No. 89) 128

Ⅳ. The 1970 Minimum Wage-Fixing Convention (No. 131)and Recommendation (No. 135) 129

Ⅴ. The social policy Conventions 130

Ⅵ.Provisions concerning special categories of workers (seafarers and plantations workers) 130

3. Protection of wages 131

4. Labour clauses in public contracts 132

5. Other international standards 133

CHAPTER Ⅵ. GENERAL CONDITIONS OF WORK 134

1. Hours of work 134

Ⅰ. General outline 134

Ⅱ. The standard of the eight-hour day and the 48-hour week 136

A. The Hours of Work (Industry)Convention, 1919 (No. 1) 136

B. The Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices)Convention, 1930 (No. 30) 137

C. The special Conventions 138

Ⅲ. The standard of the forty-hour week 138

A. The Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935(No. 47) 138

B. The special Conventions 139

C. The Reduction of Hours of Work Recommendation, 1962 (No. 116) 139

Ⅳ. Difficulties of ratification and application of the standards on hours of work 139

Ⅴ. Other international standards 140

2. Weekly rest 140

Ⅰ. General outline 140

Ⅱ. Weekly rest in industry 141

Ⅲ. Weekly rest in commerce and offices 141

Ⅳ. Other international standards 142

3. Paid leave 142

Ⅰ. General outline 142

Ⅱ. The 1936 Holidays with Pay Convention and Recommendation 143

Ⅲ. The 1954 Holidays with Pay Recommendation 144

Ⅳ. The 1952 Standards on Holidays with Pay in Agriculture 144

Ⅴ. The 1970 Revised Convention on Holidays with Pay 145

Ⅵ. Paid educational leave 146

Ⅶ. Public holidays 147

Ⅷ. Other international standards 147

4. Industrial hygiene and safety 147

Ⅰ. General outline 147

Ⅱ. Standards relating to specific risks 148

A. White phosphorus 148

B. White lead 149

C. Anthrax 149

D. The hazards of poisoning arising from benzene 149

E. Occupational cancer 150

F. Radiation protection 150

G. The guarding of machinery 151

H. Maximum weight 151

I. Working environment: atmospheric pollution,noise and vibrations 152

Ⅲ. Standards concerning special branches of activity 152

A. Industrial establishments 152

B. Building and construction 152

C. Bakeries 153

D. Work in offices and commerce 153

E. Dock work 153

F. Maritime work 154

G. Other activities 154

Ⅳ. Standards concerning methods and institutions for the prevention of industrial accidents and the protection of workers' health 154

A. The prevention of industrial accidents 154

B. The protection of workers' health 154

C. The occupational health services 155

Ⅴ. Standards defining the occupational diseases which give rise to compensation 155

Ⅵ. Future prospects 157

Ⅶ. Other international standards 157

5. Welfare facilities, housing and spare time 158

Ⅰ. Welfare facilities for workers 158

Ⅱ. Housing 158

Ⅲ. Workers' spare time 159

CHAPTER Ⅶ. SOCIAL POLICY 160

1. General principles of social policy 160

2. Social repercussions of technical progress 161

3. Multinational enterprises and social policy 162

CHAPTER Ⅷ. SOCIAL SECURITY 162

CHAPTER Ⅸ. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 164

1. General outline 164

2. Collective agreements 165

3. Voluntary conciliation and arbitration 166

4. Co-operation at the level of the undertaking 167

5. Consultation at the industrial and national levels 167

6.Termination of employment at the initiative of the employer 168

7. Communications and examination of grievances in the undertaking 170

CHAPTER Ⅹ. WORK OF WOMEN 171

1. Maternity protection 172

2. Night work 173

3. The employment of women in unhealthy or dangerous occupations 175

4. Equal remuneration 176

5. Employment of women with family responsibilities 178

6. Standards relating to particular aspects of the work of women 178

7. Other international standards 179

CHAPTER ⅩⅠ WORK OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS 180

1. The minimum age for admission to employment 181

Ⅰ. The general standard of 14 years and its variations 181

Ⅱ. The general standard of 15 years 183

Ⅲ. Minimum age for certain arduous occupations 183

Ⅳ. The principle of the fixing of a minimum age as an element of social policy 184

Ⅴ. The consolidated general standard of 1973 184

Ⅵ. Problems of ratification and of application of minimum age Conventions 185

2. Night work of young persons 186

3. Medical examination 187

4. Special provisions contained in Conventions of general application 189

5. Other international standards 189

CHAPTER ⅩⅡ. OLDER WORKERS 191

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ. SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF WORKERS 191

1. Seafarers and fishermen 191

Ⅰ. Seafarers 191

A. Special procedure for the framing of standards concerning employment at sea 192

B. The question of the applicability to seafarers of international labour Conventions of a general scope 192

C. Conditions for the entry into force of maritime Conventions 193

D. General outline of the standards relating to employment at sea 194

Ⅱ. Fishermen 199

2. Workers in agriculture 200

3. Indigenous workers and workers of non-metropolitan territories 201

Ⅰ. Indigenous workers 202

A. Recruiting 202

B. The contracts of employment 203

C. Penal sanctions for breaches of contracts of employment 203

Ⅱ. Workers in non-metropolitan territories 204

A. Social policy 204

B. Right of association 205

C. Labour inspection 205

D. Labour standards 205

Ⅲ. Indigenous and tribal populations 206

4. Public employees 206

5. Nursing personnel 207

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ. FOREIGN AND MIGRANT WORKERS 207

1.Conventions dealing specifically with the situation of foreign and migrant workers 208

2.General Conventions containing a special provision on foreign workers 210

3. Conventions which do not contain any provision on foreign workers 211

4. Other international standards 212

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ. LABOUR ADMINISTRATION 214

1. Labour inspection 215

Ⅰ. General outline 215

Ⅱ. Labour inspection in industry and commerce 216

A. Convention No. 81 of 1947 216

B. The 1947 Recommendations 218

C. Problems of ratification and of application of Convention No. 81 218

Ⅲ. Labour inspection for seamen 219

Ⅳ. Labour inspection in agriculture 219

Ⅴ.Labour inspection in non-metropolitan territories 220

Ⅵ. Other international standards 221

2. Labour administration 221

3. Labour statistics 221

4. Tripartite consultation relating to standards 222

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ. THE REVIEW OF EXISTING STANDARDS 223

Part Ⅱ: The Implementation of International Labour Standards 225

CHAPTER Ⅰ. OBLIGATIONS IN RESPECT OF STANDARDS 225

1. The obligation to submit Conventions and Recommendations to competent authorities 225

2. The obligation to respect certain fundamental principles 227

3. The obligation to supply reports on unratified Conventions and on Recommendations 228

CHAPTER Ⅱ. RATIFICATION OF CONVENTIONS AND ENSUING OBLIGATIONS AND EFFECT 228

1. Ratification of Conventions 228

Ⅰ. The ratification: concept and procedure 228

Ⅱ. Present state of ratifications 229

Ⅲ. State succession 230

2. Entry into force of Conventions 230

3. Denunciation of Conventions 231

4. The obligation to implement ratified Conventions 231

Ⅰ. Nature of the necessary implementing measures 231

Ⅱ. International labour standards as minimum standards 232

Ⅲ. Obligation in respect of non-metropolitan territories 232

Ⅳ. The effect of war, force majeure and emergency 233

Ⅴ. The obligation to supply reports 233

5. The incorporation of international Conventions into national law as a result of ratification and the conflict between international and national rules 234

Ⅰ. Incorporation of international Conventions into national law 234

Ⅱ. The question of self-executing standards 235

Ⅲ. The conflict between the incorporated international standards and ordinary laws 237

A. Conflict with earlier law 237

B. Conflict with later law 238

C. European Communities 239

D. European Social Charter 239

CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE GENERAL SUPERVISORY MACHINERY OF THE ILO:(Ⅰ) THE EXAMINATION OF PERIODICAL REPORTS 239

1. The Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations 240

2. The Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations 242

3. Direct contracts with governments 242

4. The main difficulties encountered 243

5. The results obtained 244

CHAPTER Ⅳ. THE GENERAL SUPERVISORY MACHINERY OF THE ILO:(II) THE EXAMINATION OF COMPLAINTS 245

1. Complaints 245

2. Representations 248

CHAPTER Ⅴ. THE SPECIAL MACHINERY IN THE FIELD OF FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION 248

1. The Committee on Freedom of Association 249

2. The Fact-Finding and Conciliation Commission 250

CHAPTER Ⅵ. SPECIAL STUDIES AND INQUIRIES, PROMOTIONAL MEASURES AND TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 252

1. Special studies and inquiries 252

Ⅰ. Freedom of association 252

Ⅱ. Forced labour 254

Ⅲ. Discrimination 254

2. Promotional measures: information, education and training 254

3. Technical co-operation and World Employment Programme 255

CHAPTER Ⅶ MAIN GHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUPERVISORY SYSTEM 256

CHAPTER Ⅷ. SUPERVISORY MACHINERY ESTABLISHED BY OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 258

1. United Nations instruments 258

2. Council of Europe instruments 259

Ⅰ. European Social Charter 259

Ⅱ. European Social Security Code 260

3. The instruments of the European Communities 260

CONCLUDING REMARKS: THE OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE 261

INDEX 263