CRIME SCENE SEARCH AND PHYSICAL EVIDENCE HANDBOOKPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER Ⅰ Introduction 1

The Purpose of a Crime Laboratory 1

Involvement of the Crime Laboratory in Crime Scene Search 2

Criminalistics Defined 2

CHAPTER Ⅱ Basic Concepts Concerning Physical Evidence 3

Introduction 3

Major Considerations in the Establishment of Identity 3

Mathematical Probability 4

Class Characteristics and Similarity 6

Individuality 6

Comparisons 8

Rarity 8

Exchange 9

CHAPTER Ⅲ Protection of the Crime Scene 11

Introduction 11

Dimensions of a Crime Scene 11

Initial Actions on Arrival at the Scene of a Crime 12

CHAPTER Ⅳ An Overview of Techniques for Processing the Crime Scene 14

Introduction 14

Legal and Scientific Requirements 14

The Preliminary Examination of the Scene 16

Recording the Crime Scene 16

The Detailed Search of the Scene 18

A Recommended General Method of Crime Scene Search 18

Trace Material Collection 19

Tool Marks 20

Samples of Body Fluids 20

Standards of Items To be Secured 20

Fires and Explosions--Special Considerations of Search 21

Special Considerations in Searching Outdoor Crime Scenes 22

CHAPTER Ⅳ (Concluded) 24

Vehicle Searches 24

Exterior Search 24

Interior Search 25

Search of a Victim 27

Actions by the Investigating Officer at the Hospital or Morgue 28

Search of the Uninjured Suspect 31

CHAPTER Ⅴ Detailed Procedures for Recording the Crime Scene 32

Introduction 32

Note Taking 32

Use of the Investigator's Notes 34

Sketching the Crime Scene 35

Information to be Included in the Sketch 35

Some General Considerations Involved in Crime Scene Sketching 36

Sketching Methods 36

Coordinate Methocd 36

Triangulation Method 38

Cross-Projection Method 38

"Rough" and "Smooth" Sketches 38

External Wound Chart 41

Photographing the Crime Scene 41

Investigative Photographs 41

Admissibility of Photographs as Evidence 41

Identification of Photographs 42

Custody of Photographs 42

General Considerations in Field Photography 42

Critical Photographic Requirements 43

Photographing the Arson Scene 43

Photographing the Burglary Scene 44

Photographing the Vehicle Accident 44

Photographing Deceased Persons 45

Photographing Live Victims and Suspects 45

Photographing Fingerprints 45

CHAPTER Ⅵ Fingerprints 47

Importance of Fingerprints as Physical Evidence 47

Definition of Fingerprints 47

Basis of Identification of Fingerprints 48

Limitations of Latent Prints 48

Conditions Which Affect Latent Prints 50

Responsibility of the Crime Scene Investigator in Collecting Fingerprints 51

Prints Which Require No Further Developing 52

Method of Developing Fingerprints 52

Developing Prints on Nonabsorbent, Hard, Smooth Surfaces 53

Developing Prints on Absorbent, Porous, Smooth Surfaces 57

Marking and Identifying Fingerprint Lifts 58

Collection of Elimination Fingerprints 58

CHAPTER Ⅶ Body Fluids 60

Introduction 60

The Scientific Basis of Body Fluid Examination 60

Secretors and Nonsecretors 60

Relationship to Investigations 61

Blood and Bloodstains 61

Forms of Blood Evidence 61

Requests for Laboratory Testing: Laboratory Capabilties 62

Procedures to be Used in Searching for and Collecting Blood Samples 62

Relating Bloodstains to Physical Activity 63

Shapes of Bloodstains 63

Specific Methods of Collecting Blood and Bloodstains 65

Moist Blood Samples 66

Seminal Stains 67

CHAPTER Ⅷ Trace Evidence 69

Introduction 69

Trace Evidence Associated with Clothing 69

Recovery of the Clothing of a Victim 71

CHAPTER Ⅷ (Concluded) 71

Cloth Fragments and Impressions 71

Threads, Fibers, and Hair 74

General 74

The Properties of Hair 75

Information the Criminalistics Laboratory Can Derive From Hair Sample Analysis 75

Possible Conclusions Concerning Hair Sample Analyses 75

Crime Scene Procedures With Respect to Collecting Hair Samples 77

Fibers 78

The Examination of the Crime Scene For Fibers 78

String, Rope, and Containers 79

String 79

Ropes 79

Containers 79

Soils, Rocks, Minerals and Debris 80

General 80

The Value of Soils and Rocks as Evidence 80

The Evidence Value of Debris 81

General Collection Procedures 81

Special Notations Concerning Samples 83

CHAPTER Ⅸ Firearms 84

Introduction 84

Terms Used 84

Handling Firearms and Ammunition Discovered in the Search 84

Processing Damaged or Rusty Weapons 85

Lifting Latent Prints From Firearms 86

Marking Firearms 86

Examination of Firearms by the Laboratory 91

Marking Bullets and Cartridge Cases 91

Bullet Files Maintained by the Criminalistics Laboratory 94

Live Ammunition as Standards 96

Serial Number Restorations 96

Powder Residue Tests 97

CHAPTER Ⅹ Tool Marks and Broken Metals 99

Introduction 99

Tool Marks 99

Definition 99

The Evidence Value of Tool Marks 101

Class and Individual Characteristics of Tools 101

Information and Leads That Can be Derived From Tool Marks 103

Special Considerations in Collecting Tool Mark Evidence 103

Marks 103

Too Is 104

A Warning Concerning Collection of Tools and Tool Marks 104

Marking, Packaging and Preservation of Tool Mark Evidence 104

Recording Tools and Tool Marks 105

Crime Laboratory Procedures for Processing Tool Mark Evidence 106

Broken Metals 106

CHAPTER ⅩⅠ Illegal Drugs and Drugs That are Subject to Abuse 110

Introduction 110

Drug Addiction and Abuse - Implications to the Crime Scene Investigation 110

The Commonly Abused Drugs 111

Heroin 112

Cocaine 112

Marihuana 114

Hashish 117

Hallucinogenic Drugs 117

Barbiturates 117

Amphetamines 118

Methamphetamines 119

Toxic Vapors 119

Some Important Cautionary Rules in Collecting Drug Substances 120

The Use of Field Test Kits for Identification of Suspected Drug Substances 121

CHAPTER ⅩⅡ Chemical Materials 124

Poisons 124

Alcohol 127

Alcoholic Poisoning 127

Chemical Materials Resulting From Explosions 128

Diffuse Explosion 129

Concentrated Explosion 129

The Investigation of Fire 132

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ Preparation of Casts and Collection of Residual Prints 134

Introduction 134

Choice of Casting Materials 134

The General Rules for Processing Impressions 134

Protecting the Impression 135

Preparation of the Impression Before Casting 135

Casting Materials 141

Preparing the Plaster 141

Pouring the Plaster 141

Special Procedures for Making Casts of Impressions in Snow 142

Marking Casts 142

Making Casts From Tire Tracks 143

Preserving Soil Adhering to the Finished Cast 143

Residue Prints 144

General 144

Photographs of Impressions and Residue Prints 144

Listing a Residue Print 144

Importance of Cuts and Other Unusual Marks in Residue Prints 146

Preparing Standards of Residue Prints 146

Casting Tool Marks 147

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ Paint and Glass 150

Introduction 150

Paint 150

Examination of Paint 150

Collection of Paint for Examination 151

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ (Concluded) 152

Glass 152

Glass Fragmentation 152

Fragment Examination 154

Glass Identity From Physical Properties 154

Collecting Fragments When Direction of Force is in Question 154

When Direction of Force is Not a Question 154

Search of a Suspect 154

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ 155

Questioned Documents 155

Introduction 155

Preliminary Examination 155

Alterations 155

Mechanical Writing Devices 156

Document Standards 159

Collection of Document Standards 160

Handwriting Identification and Handwriting Samples 161

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ Identification of the Unknown Dead 165

Introduction 165

Examination of Clothing 165

Personal Effects Examination 165

Visual, External Examination of Body 166

Other Suggested Procedures 167

Internal Examination of the Body 167

APPENDIX A How to Collect, Mark, Preserve, and Pack Physical Evidence 168

APPENDIX B National Directory of Criminalistics Laboratories 174

INDEX 187