CHAPTER Ⅰ Introduction 1
The Purpose of a Crime Laboratory 1
Involvement of the Crime Laboratory in Crime Scene Search 2
Criminalistics Defined 2
CHAPTER Ⅱ Basic Concepts Concerning Physical Evidence 3
Introduction 3
Major Considerations in the Establishment of Identity 3
Mathematical Probability 4
Class Characteristics and Similarity 6
Individuality 6
Comparisons 8
Rarity 8
Exchange 9
CHAPTER Ⅲ Protection of the Crime Scene 11
Introduction 11
Dimensions of a Crime Scene 11
Initial Actions on Arrival at the Scene of a Crime 12
CHAPTER Ⅳ An Overview of Techniques for Processing the Crime Scene 14
Introduction 14
Legal and Scientific Requirements 14
The Preliminary Examination of the Scene 16
Recording the Crime Scene 16
The Detailed Search of the Scene 18
A Recommended General Method of Crime Scene Search 18
Trace Material Collection 19
Tool Marks 20
Samples of Body Fluids 20
Standards of Items To be Secured 20
Fires and Explosions--Special Considerations of Search 21
Special Considerations in Searching Outdoor Crime Scenes 22
CHAPTER Ⅳ (Concluded) 24
Vehicle Searches 24
Exterior Search 24
Interior Search 25
Search of a Victim 27
Actions by the Investigating Officer at the Hospital or Morgue 28
Search of the Uninjured Suspect 31
CHAPTER Ⅴ Detailed Procedures for Recording the Crime Scene 32
Introduction 32
Note Taking 32
Use of the Investigator's Notes 34
Sketching the Crime Scene 35
Information to be Included in the Sketch 35
Some General Considerations Involved in Crime Scene Sketching 36
Sketching Methods 36
Coordinate Methocd 36
Triangulation Method 38
Cross-Projection Method 38
"Rough" and "Smooth" Sketches 38
External Wound Chart 41
Photographing the Crime Scene 41
Investigative Photographs 41
Admissibility of Photographs as Evidence 41
Identification of Photographs 42
Custody of Photographs 42
General Considerations in Field Photography 42
Critical Photographic Requirements 43
Photographing the Arson Scene 43
Photographing the Burglary Scene 44
Photographing the Vehicle Accident 44
Photographing Deceased Persons 45
Photographing Live Victims and Suspects 45
Photographing Fingerprints 45
CHAPTER Ⅵ Fingerprints 47
Importance of Fingerprints as Physical Evidence 47
Definition of Fingerprints 47
Basis of Identification of Fingerprints 48
Limitations of Latent Prints 48
Conditions Which Affect Latent Prints 50
Responsibility of the Crime Scene Investigator in Collecting Fingerprints 51
Prints Which Require No Further Developing 52
Method of Developing Fingerprints 52
Developing Prints on Nonabsorbent, Hard, Smooth Surfaces 53
Developing Prints on Absorbent, Porous, Smooth Surfaces 57
Marking and Identifying Fingerprint Lifts 58
Collection of Elimination Fingerprints 58
CHAPTER Ⅶ Body Fluids 60
Introduction 60
The Scientific Basis of Body Fluid Examination 60
Secretors and Nonsecretors 60
Relationship to Investigations 61
Blood and Bloodstains 61
Forms of Blood Evidence 61
Requests for Laboratory Testing: Laboratory Capabilties 62
Procedures to be Used in Searching for and Collecting Blood Samples 62
Relating Bloodstains to Physical Activity 63
Shapes of Bloodstains 63
Specific Methods of Collecting Blood and Bloodstains 65
Moist Blood Samples 66
Seminal Stains 67
CHAPTER Ⅷ Trace Evidence 69
Introduction 69
Trace Evidence Associated with Clothing 69
Recovery of the Clothing of a Victim 71
CHAPTER Ⅷ (Concluded) 71
Cloth Fragments and Impressions 71
Threads, Fibers, and Hair 74
General 74
The Properties of Hair 75
Information the Criminalistics Laboratory Can Derive From Hair Sample Analysis 75
Possible Conclusions Concerning Hair Sample Analyses 75
Crime Scene Procedures With Respect to Collecting Hair Samples 77
Fibers 78
The Examination of the Crime Scene For Fibers 78
String, Rope, and Containers 79
String 79
Ropes 79
Containers 79
Soils, Rocks, Minerals and Debris 80
General 80
The Value of Soils and Rocks as Evidence 80
The Evidence Value of Debris 81
General Collection Procedures 81
Special Notations Concerning Samples 83
CHAPTER Ⅸ Firearms 84
Introduction 84
Terms Used 84
Handling Firearms and Ammunition Discovered in the Search 84
Processing Damaged or Rusty Weapons 85
Lifting Latent Prints From Firearms 86
Marking Firearms 86
Examination of Firearms by the Laboratory 91
Marking Bullets and Cartridge Cases 91
Bullet Files Maintained by the Criminalistics Laboratory 94
Live Ammunition as Standards 96
Serial Number Restorations 96
Powder Residue Tests 97
CHAPTER Ⅹ Tool Marks and Broken Metals 99
Introduction 99
Tool Marks 99
Definition 99
The Evidence Value of Tool Marks 101
Class and Individual Characteristics of Tools 101
Information and Leads That Can be Derived From Tool Marks 103
Special Considerations in Collecting Tool Mark Evidence 103
Marks 103
Too Is 104
A Warning Concerning Collection of Tools and Tool Marks 104
Marking, Packaging and Preservation of Tool Mark Evidence 104
Recording Tools and Tool Marks 105
Crime Laboratory Procedures for Processing Tool Mark Evidence 106
Broken Metals 106
CHAPTER ⅩⅠ Illegal Drugs and Drugs That are Subject to Abuse 110
Introduction 110
Drug Addiction and Abuse - Implications to the Crime Scene Investigation 110
The Commonly Abused Drugs 111
Heroin 112
Cocaine 112
Marihuana 114
Hashish 117
Hallucinogenic Drugs 117
Barbiturates 117
Amphetamines 118
Methamphetamines 119
Toxic Vapors 119
Some Important Cautionary Rules in Collecting Drug Substances 120
The Use of Field Test Kits for Identification of Suspected Drug Substances 121
CHAPTER ⅩⅡ Chemical Materials 124
Poisons 124
Alcohol 127
Alcoholic Poisoning 127
Chemical Materials Resulting From Explosions 128
Diffuse Explosion 129
Concentrated Explosion 129
The Investigation of Fire 132
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ Preparation of Casts and Collection of Residual Prints 134
Introduction 134
Choice of Casting Materials 134
The General Rules for Processing Impressions 134
Protecting the Impression 135
Preparation of the Impression Before Casting 135
Casting Materials 141
Preparing the Plaster 141
Pouring the Plaster 141
Special Procedures for Making Casts of Impressions in Snow 142
Marking Casts 142
Making Casts From Tire Tracks 143
Preserving Soil Adhering to the Finished Cast 143
Residue Prints 144
General 144
Photographs of Impressions and Residue Prints 144
Listing a Residue Print 144
Importance of Cuts and Other Unusual Marks in Residue Prints 146
Preparing Standards of Residue Prints 146
Casting Tool Marks 147
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ Paint and Glass 150
Introduction 150
Paint 150
Examination of Paint 150
Collection of Paint for Examination 151
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ (Concluded) 152
Glass 152
Glass Fragmentation 152
Fragment Examination 154
Glass Identity From Physical Properties 154
Collecting Fragments When Direction of Force is in Question 154
When Direction of Force is Not a Question 154
Search of a Suspect 154
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ 155
Questioned Documents 155
Introduction 155
Preliminary Examination 155
Alterations 155
Mechanical Writing Devices 156
Document Standards 159
Collection of Document Standards 160
Handwriting Identification and Handwriting Samples 161
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ Identification of the Unknown Dead 165
Introduction 165
Examination of Clothing 165
Personal Effects Examination 165
Visual, External Examination of Body 166
Other Suggested Procedures 167
Internal Examination of the Body 167
APPENDIX A How to Collect, Mark, Preserve, and Pack Physical Evidence 168
APPENDIX B National Directory of Criminalistics Laboratories 174
INDEX 187