An Atlas of Anatomy Second EditionPDF电子书下载

THE UPPER LIMB 1

1，2 Bones of the Upper Limb，from the front and from behind 2

3 Bones of the Pectoral Region and Axilla，with Muscle Attachments shown 4

4 The Mammary Gland of the Female 5

5 Superficial Dissection of the Pectoral Region 6

6 The Clavi-pectoral (Coraco-clavicular) Fascia 7

7 The Axilla，from below;Cross Section of the Arm 8

8 Anterior Structures of the Axilla 9

9 Posterior and Medial Walls of the Axilla 10

10 The Musculo-cutaneous Nerve:The Posterior Cord of the Brachial Plexus:The Posterior Wall of the Axilla 11

11 The Brachial Plexus:The Ligaments of the Clavicle 12

12 The Upper Arm or Brachium，medial view 13

13 Variations－Absence of Sternocostal Head of Pectoralis Majors:Sternalis Muscle:Axillary Arch:Pectoralis Minor inserted into Humerus 14

14 Variations－Coracobrachialis Superior:Attrition of Biceps Tendon:Biceps Brachii with a Third Head:High Division of Brachial Artery 15

16 The Scapular Region 17

17 The Supraspinous and Subdeltoid Regions 18

18 The Dermatomes of the Upper Parts of the Body 19

19，20 The Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb，back view and front view 20

21 The Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb 22

22，23 The Superficial Veins of the Hand 23

24，25 Schemes of the Motor Distribution of the Nerves of the Limb 24

26 Bones of the Upper Limb showing Muscle Attachments，front view 26

27 Bones of the Upper Limb showing Muscle Attachments，posterior view 27

28 Muscles of the Arm，lateral view 28

29 The Posterior Scapular and Subdeltoid Regions 29

30 Triceps and its Three Related Nerves (Circumflex，Radial，Ulnar)，posterior view 30

31 Synovial Capsule of Shoulder Joint:Ligaments at Lateral End of Clavicle 31

32 The Glenoid Cavity，lateral view:Correct Orientation of the Scapula 32

33 The Glenoid Cavity and the Relations of the Shoulder Joint，side view 33

34 Interior of the Shoulder Joint，viewed from behind 34

35，36 Variations－Unfused Acromial Epiphysis:Attrition of Supraspinatus Tendon 35

37，38 The Anastomoses of the Brachial Artery，anterior and posterior views 36

39 Superficial Structures at the Front of the Elbow 38

40 The Cubital Fossa 39

41 Deeper Structures at the Front of the Elbow 40

42-44 Variations－Supracondylar Process:Supratrochlear Foramen;Superficial Ulnar Artery 41

45 Cross Sections of Humerus，Radius，and Ulna 42

45，47 Bones of the Elbow Region，anterior view and posterior view 43

48 The Medial Ligament of the Elbow Joint (Ulnar Collateral Lig．) 44

49 The Lateral Ligament of the Elbow Joint (Radial Collateral Lig．) 44

50 Flexor Aspect of Radius and Ulna:Ligaments of the Radio-ulnar Joints，Interosseous Arteries 45

51 Socket for Head of Radius and Trochlea of Humerus，from above 46

52 Synovial Capsule of the Elbow and Superior Radio-ulnar Joints，Injected with Wax，anterior view 46

53 Cross Section through the Elbow Joint 47

54，55 The Elbow，from behind－I and II 48

56 Bones of the Forearm and Hand showing Muscle Attachments，anterior view 50

57 Superficial the Forearm and Hand showing Muscle Attachments，anterior view 51

58 Flexor Digitorum Sublimis and its Related Structures 52

59 The Deep Flexors of the Digits and the Related Structures 53

60 Bones of the Hand，palmar aspect 54

61 Tracing of an X-ray Photograph of an Extended Hand 54

62 Structures at the Front of the Wrist 55

63 Superficial Dissection of the Palm 56

64 Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles:Lumbricals;Distribution of the Median Nerve:Cutaneous Ligaments of the Fingers 57

65 The Synovial Sheaths of the Long Flexor Tendons of the Digits 58

66 Attachments of the Palmar Aponeurosis:Palmar Digital Vessels and Nerves 59

67 Deep Dissection of the Palm 60

68 Deep Dissection of the Palm and Digits:The Ulnar Nerve 61

69-71 The Radial Aspect of the Wrist－I，II，and III 62

72 The Bones of the Radial Aspect of the Hand，showing Muscle Attachments 63

73 Bones of the Forearm and Hand showing Muscle Attachments，posterior view 64

74 Superficial Muscles of Extensor Region of Forearm;Arteries on Dorsum of Hand 65

75 Exposure of the Deep Structures at the Back of the Forearm:The Three Outcropping Thumb Muscles，postero-lateral view 66

76，77 The Ulnar Border of the Wrist－I and II 67

78 The Bones of the Ulnar Border of the Hand，showing Muscle Attachments 67

79 The Cutaneous Nerves of the Dorsum of the Hand 68

80 Patterns of the Cutaneous Nerves of the Hand 69

81，82 Variations－Communicating Branch from Ulnar Nerve to Median Nerve:Persisting Median Artery 70

83 Bones of the Hand，dorsal aspect 70

84 The Synovial Sheaths of the Tendons at the Back of the Wrist 70

85 The Tendons on the Dorsum of the Hand and the Extensor Retinaculum (Dorsal Carpal Lig) 71

86，87 The Extensor (Dorsal) Expansion of the Middle Digit，dorsal view and side view 72

88 Ligaments of Distal Radio-ulnar，Radio-carpal and Intercarpal Joints，front view 73

89 The Surfaces of the Radio-carpal or Wrist Joint，opened from the front 74

90 The Lowe Ends of Radium and Ulna，from below 75

91 The Articular Disc of the Distal Radio-ulnar Joint，from below 75

92 The Surfaces of the Transverse Intercarpal (Mid-carpal) Joint 76

93 The Carpal Bones and the Bases of the Metacarpal Bones，front view 77

94 The Metacarpo-phalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints 78

95 The Bones of the Upper Limb at Birth:The Epiphyses of the Scapula 79

96 The Epiphysis of the Proximal End of the Humerus 80

97 The Epiphyses at the Elbow Region 81

98 The Epiphyses at the Wrist and Hand 82

99 Variations－Separate Styloid Process of 3rd Metacarpal;Fused Lunate and Triquetrum 82

100 The Grasping Hand 83

THE ABDOMEN 85

101，102 The Anterior Abdominal Wall－Ⅰ and Ⅱ 86

103 The Lateral Cutaneous Nerves 88

104 The Inguinal Ligament，antero-inferior view 89

105-108 The Inguinal Region－Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，and IV 90

109-112 Stages in the Dissection of the Female Inguinal Canal 94

113 Inguinal Canal:Femoral Sheath:Coverings of the Spermatic Cord 96

114 The Testis on Cross Section 97

115 Scheme of the Inguinal Canal 97

116 Testis，lateral view 98

117 Coverings of the Spermatic Cord:Efferent Ductules of Testis 98

118 Epididymis 99

119 Blood Supply of the Testis 99

120 The Abdominal Contents，undisturbed 100

121 The Stomach and the Omenta，front vies 101

122 Diagrams of (a) the Attachments of the Lesser Omentum (b) the Vertical Extent of the Lesser Sac，and (c) the Horizontal extent of the Lessser Sac 102

123 Diagram of the Peritoneal Ligaments of the Liver 103

124 The Stomach，front view 104

125 The Mucous Membrane of the Stomach 104

126 The Muscle Coat of the Stomach，from within 105

127 Scheme of the Distribution of the Coeliac Artery 105

128 Dissection of the Arteries of the Stomach and Spleen 106

129 The Vagus Nerves within the Abdomen 107

130 The Stomach Bed 108

131 The Spleen，visceral surface:An Accessory Spleen 109

132 The Inferior and Posterior Surfaces of the Liver 110

133 The Porta Hepatis and the Cystic Artery 111

134 variations in the Hepatic Arteries 112

135 A Stage in the Exposure of the (Common) Bile Duct，embryological approach 113

136 Duodenum and Pancreas in situ，front view 114

137 The Duodenum，Pancreas and bile Duct，from behind 115

138，139 The Blood Supply to Pancreas，Duodenum，and Spleen 116

140 The Extra-hepatic Bile Passages and the Pancreatic Ducts 118

141 Variations in the Length and Course of the Cystic Duct 119

142 A bifid Gall Bladder 119

143 The Blood Supply to the bile Passages 120

144 Transverse Section through the Abdomen 121

145 The Superior Mesenteric Artery 122

146 The Inferior Mesenteric Artery 123

147 The Intestines 124

148 Structures on the Posterior Abdominal Wall 125

149 Blood Supply of the Small Intestine 126

150 Pylorus:Interior of the Small Intestine 127

151 The Ileo-caecal Region 128

152 The Interior of a Dried Caecum 128

153 A Meckel＇s Diverticulum 128

154，155 Variations－Duodenal Diverticula:Vermiform Appendix 129

156 Section of the Liver，approximately horizontal 130

157-159 Posterior Abdominal Wall－Ⅰ，Ⅱ and Ⅲ 131

160，161 The Posterior Abdominal Viscera and their Peritoneal Relations－Ⅰ and Ⅱ 134

162 Great vessels;Kidneys:Suprarenals 136

163 Coeliac Plexus，Coeliac Ganglia，and Suprarenal Glands 137

164-166 Right Kidney，front view:Sinus of Kidney:Structure of the Kidney 138

167 The Blood Supply to the Ureter 139

168 Varieties of Renal Pelves 140

169 Anomalies of the Kidney and Ureter 141

170 A Persisting Left Inferior Vena Cava 141

171 Posterior Abdominal Wall:Lumbar Plexus 142

172 The Diaphragm，viewed from below 143

173 Right Coeliac Ganglion，Splanchnic Nerves，and Sympathetic Trunk 144

THE PERINEUM AND PELVIS 145

174 Male Perineum 146

175 Dissection of Sphincter Ani Externus 147

176 The Lower Parts of the Genital and Urinary Tracts in the Male 148

177 The Dissection of the Penis 148

178 The Penis，side view 149

179 Section across the Root of the Penis 150

180 The Vessels of th Penis:The Perineal Membrane 150

181 The Male True Pelvis and Surroundings，from the front 151

182 The Male Pelvis，in median section 152

183 The Sphincter Ani Externus and Levator Ani 153

184 Coronal Section of the Male Pelvis，just in front of the rectum．View of the anterior portion from behind 154

185 The Seminal Vesicle，unravelled 155

186 The Bladder，Vasa Deferentia，Seminal Vesicles and Prostatic Urethra 155

187 Interior of the Male Urinary Bladder and Prostatic Urethra 155

188 Levatores Ani and Coccygei，from above 157

189 The Side Wall of the Male True Pelvis 158

190 The Iliac Arteries and their Branches，side view 159

191 Normal and Abnormal Obturator Arteries 159

192 The Sacral ＆ Coccygeal Nerve Plexuses，antero-median vies 160

193 Diagram of the Nerve Supply to the bladder and Urethra 161

194 Diagram of the Pudendal Nerve 161

195 Muscles of the True Pelvis (male specimen) 162

196 Walls of the Pelvis (female specimen) 163

197，198 Male Pelvis，from the front and from above 164

199，200 Female Pelvis，from the front and from above 165

201 The Hip Bone，medial aspect:The Sacrum and Coccyx，lateral aspect 166

202 Synostosis of the Sacro-iliac Joint 166

203 The Clitoris 167

204，205 The Female Perineum 167

206 The Uterus and Its Appurtenances，from behind 168

207 The Female True Pelvis，from above 169

208 Female Genital Organs，from the front 170

209 The Female True Pelvis，in median section 171

210 The Floor of the Female Pelvis，from above 172

THE LOWER LIMB 173

211，212 Bones of the Lower Limb，front view and posterior view 174

213 Cross Sections of Femur，Tibia，and Fibula 176

214-216 The Superficial Veins of the Lower Limb 177

217 Scheme of the Motor Distribution of the Nerves of the Lower Limb 180

218 The Blood Supply to the Sciatic Nerve 181

219，220 The Cutaneous Nerves of the Lower Limb，front view and back view 182

221 The Dermatomes of the Lower Limb 184

222 The Inguinal Lymph Glands (Nodes) 185

223，224 The Superficial Inguinal Vessels:The Saphenous Opening 186

225，226 The Femoral Sheath:The Valves in the Femoral and Saphenous Veins 187

227 Transverse Section through the Thigh，at level of Hip Joint 188

228 The Femoral Sheath 189

229 The Femoral Triangle 190

230 The Floor of the Femoral Triangle 191

231，232 Muscles of the Front of the Thigh－Ⅰ and Ⅱ 192

233 Dissection of the Front of the Thigh 194

234 Cross Section through the Thigh，female 195

235，236 Bones of the Lower Limb showing Muscle Attachments front view and back view 196

237 Muscles of the Gluteal Region and Back of the Thigh 198

238 The Ham Muscles 198

239 The Adductor Magnus，from behind 199

240，241 The Gluteal Region and the Back of the Thigh－Ⅰ and Ⅱ 200

242 The Obturator Muscles，from behind 202

243 The Bony and Ligamentous Parts of the Gluteal Region:Certain Landmarks 203

244，245 The Hip Joint，from the front and from behind 204

246 The Acetabulum and the Surrounding Parts，showing Muscle Attachments 206

247 The Hip Bone in Youth，external aspect 206

248，249 Upper End of Femur showing Muscle Attachments，anterior and posterior aspects 207

250 The Hip Joint on Coronal Section，partly schematic 208

251 The Socket for the Head of the Femur 209

252 Superficial Dissection of the Popliteal Fossa 210

253 The Nerves of the Popliteal Fossa (Popliteal Space) 211

254 Step Dissection of the Popliteal Fossa (Popliteal Space) 212

255 Bones of the Knee Joint showing Muscle Attachments，from behind 213

256，257 The Posterior Cruciate Ligament:The Anterior Cruciate Ligament 214

258 Ligaments of the Knec Joint，from behind 214

259 The Superior Surface of the Tibia:The Cruciate Ligaments and the Semilunar Cartilages 215

260 Bones of the Knee Joint showing Muscle Attachments，lateral view 216

261 Dissection of the Knee，lateral aspect 216

262 Bones of the Knee Joint showing Muscle Attachments，medial view 217

263 Dissection of the Knee，medial aspect 217

264 The Knee Joint，opened from the front 218

265 The Ligaments of the Knee Joint，front view 219

266，267 Distended Knee Joint，lateral view and posterior view 220

268 The Tibia and Fibula，opposed aspects 222

269 Muscles of the Leg and Foot，side view 223

270 The Front of the Leg 224

271 The Arteries and Nerves of the Front of the Leg and Dorsum of the Foot 225

272，273 The Dorsum of the Foot，front view and lateral view 226

274 The Synovial Sheaths of the Tendons at the Ankle，antero-lateral view 228

275 Cross Section through the Leg，male 229

276，277 The Foot Bones，dorsal aspect and plantar aspect 230

278，279 The Foot Bones，medial aspect and lateral aspect 232

280 The Bones of the Leg，posterior view 233

281 Bones of the Leg showing Muscle Attachments，posterior view 234

282 The Muscles of the Leg，posterior view 235

283 The Back of the Leg，deep structures undisturbed 236

284 The Back of the Leg，deep structures displayed 237

285 The Medial Side of the Ankle and Heel 238

286 The Ankle Joint，posterior view 239

287 Variations－Relationship of Sciatic Nerve to Piriformis:Nutrient Canals:Bipartite Patella:Fabella 240

288 Variations－Absence of Posterior Tibial Artery:High Division of Popliteal Artery:Irregular Dorsalis Pedis Artery 241

289 Superficial Dissection of the Sole of the Foot 242

290 Diagram of the Arteries of the Sole of the Foot 242

291 The First Layer of Muscles of the Sole:Digital Nerves and Arteries 243

292 The Second Layer of Muscles of the Sole 244

293 The Foot Raised as in Walking，medial view 245

294 The Third Layer of Muscles of the Sole 246

295 The Fourth Layer of Muscles of the Sole 247

296 The Ankle Joint and the Joints of the Foot，dorsal view 248

297 The Articular Surfaces of the Ankle Joint 249

298，299 Distended Ankle Joint，anterior view and posterior view 250

300 Ligaments of the Joints in which the Two Large Tarsal Bones partake，lateral view 251

301 Ligaments of the Ankle Joint and Joints of the Foot，medial view 252

302 The Sockets for the Talus，supero-lateral vies:The Joints at which Inversion and Eversion occur 253

303 The Ligaments of the Sole:The Insertions of the Tendons－Ⅰ 254

304 The Ligaments of the Sole－Ⅱ 255

305 The Bones of the Foot，upper or dorsal aspect 256

306 The Bony Surfaces of the Talo-calcanean Joints 257

307 The Bony Surfaces of the Transverse Tarsal Joint 257

308 The Bony Surfaces of the Cuneo-navicular and Cubo-navicular Joints 258

309 The Bony Surfaces of the Tarso-metatarsal Joints 258

310 The Bony Surfaces of the Inter-cuneiform and Inter-metatarsal Joints 259

311 The Bones of the Lower Limb at Birth:Epiphyses of Hip Bone 260

312 Epiphyses at the Proximal End of the Femur 261

313 Epiphyses in the Region of the Knee Joint 262

314 Longitudinal Sections through Feet of Children:Distal Epiphyses of the Tibia and Fibula 263

315 Variations－Os Trigonum:Sesamoid Bones in Tibialis Posterior and Peroneus Longus:Bipartite Medial Cuneiform Bone:Long and Short 1st Metatarsal Bones 264

THE VERTEBRAE AND THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN 267

316 The functions of the Constitutent Parts of a Vertebra 268

317，318 A Vertebra，from above and on side view 269

319-322 A Vertebra at Birth，in Childhood，in Adolescence，and of a Sheep 270

323，324 The Vertebral Column，side view and anterior view 271

325 Diagram of the Homologous Parts of the Vertebrae 272

326 The Distinguishing Features and the Movements of the Free Vertebrae 273

327-329 The Cervical Vertebrae，from above，front view and side view 274

330，331 The Thoracic Vertebrae，side view and from above 276

332-334 The Lumbar Vertebrae，from above，from behind and on side view 278

335-337 The Sacrum and Coccyx，anterior view，in Youth，posterior view 280

338 A Half Vertebra 282

339 Instances of Failure of the Two Halves of a Vertebral Arch to undergo Synostosis 282

340 Instances of Congenital (non-pathological) Synostosis＇ between Two＂Vertebrae＂ 282

341 A Transitional Lumbo-sacral Vertebra 283

342，343 A Bipartite Fifth Lumbar Vertebra:Spondylolisthesis 283

344 Diagram of an Intervertebral Disc (Fibro-cartilage) 284

345，346 An Intervertebral Disc and Ligaments，on cross section and on median section 284

347 An Intervertebral Disc，side view 286

348 The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament and the Ligamenta Flava，anterior view 287

349 The Posterior Longitudinal Ligament，posterior view 288

350 Diagram of the Vertebral Venous Plexus 288

THE THORAX 289

351，352 The Bony Thorax，anterior aspect and posterior aspect 290

353，354 The Sternum，front view and side view 292

355 A Young Sternum 293

356-358 A Common Form of Sternum:A Sternal Foramen:A Low Sternal Angle 293

359 Typical Ribs，seen from behind 294

360 Peculiar or Atypical Ribs:1st，2nd，11th and 12th，viewed from above 295

361-363 Cervical Ribs:Bicipital Rib:Bifid Rib 296

364 The Chondro-sternal Joints，anterior view 297

365 Diagram of an Intercostal Space 297

366 The Anterior Wall of the Thorax 298

367 The Anterior Thoracic Wall，from behind 299

368 The Anterior Ends of the Intercostal Spaces，front view 300

369 The Posterior End of an Intercostal Space，from behind 301

370 The Vertebral End of an Intercostal Space，and the Costo-vertebral Ligaments，anterior view 302

371 The Lungs and Pericardium，anterior view 303

372 The Lungs，lateral views 303

373 The Mediastinal Surface of the Right Lung 304

374 The Mediastinal Surface of the Left Lung 305

375 The Right Side of th Mediastinum 306

376 The left side of the Mediastinum 307

377 The Cervical Pleura，from below 308

378 The Diaphragm and the Pericardial Sac，from above 309

379 The Pericardial Sac in Relation to the Sternum 310

380 The Sterno-costal Surface of the Heart and Great Vessels，in situ 311

381 The Heart and Great Vessels，removed en masse，sternocostal aspect 312

382 The Heart and Great Vessels，removed en masse，posterior aspect 313

383 The Excised Heart，viewed from above 314

384 Diagram of the Coronary (Cardiac) Arteries 315

385 Diagram of the Cardiac Veins 315

386 Some Varieties of Coronary Arteries 315

387 The Heart，viewed from behind 316

388 The Interior of the Pericardial Sac，anterior view 317

389 The Posterior Relations of the Heart and Pericardium 318

390 The Interior of the right Atrium，antero-lateral view 319

391 The Interior of the Right Ventricle 320

392 The Interior of the Left Ventricle 321

393 Diagram of the Right Atrio-ventricular or Tricuspid Valve 322

394 diagrams of the Aortic Valve 322

395 The Aortic Valve，closed，ventricular aspect 322

396 Interior of the Aortic Arch，showing the mouths of its three branches 323

397 Scheme to Explain the Nomenclature of the Cusps of the Aortic and Pulmonary Valves (Semilunar) on a developmental Basis 323

398 Variations in Origin of the branches of the Aortic Arch 323

399 Scheme of Varieties of Aortic Arches 324

400 Variation－Specimen of a Double Aortic Arch，in an adult 324

401 Variation－The Right Subclavian Artery，arising as the Fourth Branch of the Aortic Arch 324

402 Variation－Persisting Left Superior Vena Cava 325

403 The Thymus (Gland):Superior Mediastinum－Ⅰ 326

404 The Root of the Neck:Superior Mediastinum－Ⅱ 327

405 The Pulmonary Arteries:Superior Mediastinum－Ⅲ 328

406 The Bronchi:Superior Mediastinum－Ⅳ 329

407 Oesophagus，Trachea and Aorta，thoracic parts，anterior view 330

408 The Thoracic Duct 331

409，410 The Arterial Supply to the Trachea and Oesophagus 332

411 The Azygos System of Veins 334

412 Anomaly－The Lobe of the Azygos Vein 335

413 Diagram of the Nerve Supply to the Diaphragm 335

414 The Rotatores and the Costo-transverse Ligaments 336

THE HEAD AND NECK 337

415，416 The Skull，front view (Norma Frontalis) 338

417，418 The Skull，from the side (Norma Lateralis) 340

419 The Muscles of Expression and the Arteries of the Face，side view 342

420，421 The Cartilage of the Right Auricle:The Auricle of the Opposite Side 343

422 The Face:Terminal branches of the Facial Nerve，side view 344

423，424 The Cartilages of the Nose in situ and separated by dissection 345

425 The Cutaneous Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve:Dissection of the Eyelid 346

426 Diagram of the Sensory Nerves of the Face，front view 347

427 Posterior Triangle of the Neck:Superficial Structures－Ⅰ 348

428 Posterior Triangle of the Neck:Motor Nerves deep to the Fascial Carpet－Ⅱ 349

429 Posterior Triangle of the Neck:Omohyoid and its Fascia－Ⅲ 350

430 Posterior Triangle of the Neck:Brachial Plexus and Subclavian Vessels－Ⅳ 351

431 The Brachial Plexus 352

432 The Superficial Muscles of the Back 353

433 The Intermediate Muscles of the Back 354

434 The Deep Muscles of the Back 355

435 The Skull，from behind (Norma Occipitalis) 356

436 The Development of the Occipital Bone 357

437，438 Variations－Paramastoid Process:Interparietal Bone (Os Incac) 357

439 The Suboccipital Region 358

440 The Suboccipital Triangle 359

441 Cross Section through the Nuchal Region 360

442 The Cranial Nerves，exposed from behind 361

443，444 The Posterior Cranial Fossa，from behind 362

445 Multifidus:Quadratus Lumborum:Lumbar Fascia 364

446 The Lumbar (Lumbo-dorsal) Fascia and the Muscles of the Back，on cross section 365

447 The Lower End of the Dural Sac，from behind 366

448 The Spinal Cord within Its Membranes，exposed from behind 367

449 Diagram of the Spinal Cord，in situ 367

450 Skulls，viewed from above 368

451 Surface Anatomy of the Cranium 368

452 Schemes of the Arteries and Nerves of the Scalp 369

453 The Diploic Veins 369

454 The External Surface of the Dura Mater:Arachnoid Granulations 370

455 The Folds of the Dura Mater 371

456 A Stage in the Removal of the Brain 372

457 The Base of the Brain:The Superficial Origins of the Cranial Nerves 373

458 The Interior of the Base of the Skull 374

459 The Interior of the Base of the Skull 375

460 The Crescent of Foramina in Middle Cranial Fossa 376

461 The Temporal Bone，in its setting，at the interior of the base of the skull 376

462 The Middle and Posterior Cranial Fossae， from above 377

463 The Nerves in the Middle Cranial Fossa－Ⅰ 378

464 The Nerves in the Middle Cranial Fossa－Ⅱ 379

465 The Orbital Cavity 380

466 The Orbital Cavity， dissected from the front 381

467 The Orbital Cavity， dissected f rom above－Ⅰ 382

468 The Orbital Cavity， dissected from above －Ⅱ 383

469 The Eyeball and the Attachments of the Four Recti Oculi，front view 384

470 The Eyeball and the Attachments of the Two Obliqui Oculi，posterior view 384

471 The Actions of the Six Ocular Muscles 385

472 Diagram of the Ophthalamic Artery 386

473 Diagram of the Motar Nerves of the Orbit 386

474 The Platysma， front view 387

475 The Median Part of the Front of the Neck－Ⅰ 388

476 The Median Part of the Front of the Neck:The Deressors of the Larnx－Ⅱ 389

477 The Front of the Neck: The Depressors of the Larynx: The Thyroid Gland－Ⅲ 390

478 The Front of the Neck: The Thyroid Gland－Ⅳ 391

479 The Root of the Neck， right side 392

480 Anomalous Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve 393

481 The Termination of the Thoracic Duct 394

482 Root of the Neck， left side 395

483 The Thyroid Gland－Variations and Anomalies 396

484 The Anterior Triangle of the Neck， superficial dissection－Ⅰ 397

485 Variations in the Origin of the Lingual Atrery 398

486 The Anterior Triangle of the Neck， deeper dissection－Ⅱ 399

487 Diagram of the Superficial Veins of the Neck 400

488 Diagram of the Carotid Arteries and their Branches in the Neck 400

489 Diagram of the Internal Jugular Veinand its Tributaries 400

490 A Large Connecting Vein 401

491 Variable Relationships of the Accessory， Descendens Cervicalis， and Phrenic Nerves to the Great Veins 401

492 The Suprahyoid Region－Ⅰ 402

493 The Suprahyoid Region－Ⅱ 403

494 The Suprahyoid Region－Ⅲ 404

495 The Suprahyoid Region－Ⅳ 405

496 The Parotid Region－Ⅱ 406

497 The Parotid Bed: The Temporal Muscle: the Auricular Vessels and Nerves－Ⅲ 407

498 The Structures Deep to the Parotid Bed－Ⅳ 408

499 The Mandible， external surface 409

500 The Mandible，internal surface 409

501 The Mental Foramen， in edentulous jaws 409

502 The Lateral Wall of the Infratemporal Fossa 410

503 The Roof and the Medial and Anterior Walls of the Infratemporal Fossa 411

504 The Infratemporal Fossa，superficial dissection－Ⅰ 412

505 The Infratemporal Fossa，deeper dissection－Ⅱ 413

506 Diagram of the Internal Maxillary Artery 414

507，508 Variations－Tortuous Internal Carotid Artery:Suprascapular and Transverse Cervical Arteries 414

509 Variations－Abnormal Vertebral Artery:Suprasternal Ossicles:Scalenus Minimus 415

510 The Prevertebral Region:The Root of the Neek 416

511 The Ligaments of the Atlanto-axial and Atlanto-occipital Joints，on median section 417

512 The Atlas and its Transverse Ligament，and the Axis，from above 417

513 The Structures seen through the Foramen Magnum，from above 418

514 The Ligaments of the Atlanto-axial and Atlanto-occipital Joints，from behind 419

515 The Exterior of the Base of the Skull 420

516 A Pencil passed across the Base of the Skull 421

517 The Oblique Line at the Base of the Skull 421

518 The Anterior and Posterior Transverse Lines at the Base of the Skull 421

519 The Pharynx and the Last Four Cranial Nerves，from behind 422

520 The Pharyngeal Muscles and the Buccinator，side view 423

521 The Interior of the Pharynx，from behind 424

522 The Bony Palate 425

523 Dissection of the Palate，from below 425

524 Transverse Section through the Head 426

525 The Tonsil (Palatine Tonsil)，medial and lateral views 427

526 A Dissection of the Palate 427

527 The Interior of the Pharynx，side view－Ⅰ 428

528 The Interior of the Pharynx dissected，side view－Ⅱ 429

529 Deep Dissection of the Tonsil Bed－Ⅲ 430

530 The Superior and Middle Constrictors of the Pharynx，from within－Ⅳ 431

531，532 Coronal Section through the Head 432

533 Diagram of the Nerve Supply of the Tongue 434

534 The dorsum of the Tongue 434

535 The Floor of the Mouth，on median section 434

536 The Hyoid bone，showing its parts and muscle attachments 435

537 The Floor and Side of the Mouth 435

538 An Incisor Tooth，on longitudinal section 436

539 A Molar Tooth，on longitudinal section 436

540，541 The Upper Teeth and their Sockets:The Lower Teeth and their Sockets 436

542 The Septum of the Nose 437

543 Diagram of the Nerve Supply of the Lateral Wall of the Nose 437

544，545 The Bones of the Lateral Wall of the Nose－Ⅰ and Ⅱ 438

546 The Lateral Wall of the Nose－Ⅰ 439

547 The Lateral Wall of the Nose，dissected－Ⅱ 440

548 The Paranasal Air Sinuses 441

549 Variations in the Maxillary Air Sinus 442

550 Scheme of the Ethmoidal Air Sinuses 443

551 The Air sinuses surrounding the Cribriform Plate 443

552，553 The Frontal Air Sinuses，from the front and from below 443

554 Thyroid Cartilage:Crico-thyroideus 444

555-557 The Skeleton of the Larynx，from the side，from behind and from above 445

558 Thyroid Gland，Parathyroid Glands，and Three Laryngeal Nerves 448

559 The Muscles of the Pharynx，Larynx，and Oesophagus，posterior view 449

560 The Muscles and Nerves of the Larynx，and the Crico-thyroid Joint，side view 450

561 The Larynx，side view 451

562 The Hyo-epiglottic Ligament，from above 452

563 The Larynx，from above 452

564 The Interior of the Larynx，posterior view 453

565 The Saccule of the Larynx 454

566 A Diagram of the Tegmen Tympani 454

567 A General Scheme of the Ear 455

568 The Lateral Half of the Tympanic Cavity 456

569 The Medial Half of the Tympanic Cavity 457

570 The Mastoid Air Cells:The Venous Sinuses around the Petrous Bone 458

571 The Pharyngo-tympanic Tube (Auditory Tube) 459

572 The Temporal Bone at Birth，lateral view 460

573 The Temporal Bone at Birth，posterior view 460

574 The Semicircular Canals，lateral view 461

575 The Bony Labyrinth，lateral view，left side 462

576 The Membranous Labyrinth，lateral view，left side 463

577 Cross Sections through the Mandible 464

578，579 The Skull at Birth，front view and side view 465

580 scheme of the Distribution of the Olfactory Nerve 466

581 Scheme of the Distribution of the Optic Nerve 466

582 Scheme of the Distribution of the Oculomotor，Trochlear，and Abducent Nerves 467

583-585 Schemes of the Distribution of the Trigeminal Nerve 468

586 Scheme of the Distribution of the Facial Nerve 470

587 Scheme of the Distribution of the Auditory or Acoustic Nerve 471

588 Scheme of the Distribution of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve 472

589 Scheme of the Distribution of the Vagus Nerve 473

590 Scheme of the Distribution of the Spinal Part of the Accessory Nerve 474

591 Scheme of the Distribution of the Hypoglossal Nerve 475