MIGRANT SMUGGLING BY SEAPDF电子书下载

Chapter One.Introduction 1

Part Ⅰ.Outlining the Problem 7

Chapter Two.Factual Background 7

2.1.Preliminary Considerations 7

2.2.The Fastest-growing Transnational Organized Crime Recently Defined in International Law 8

2.3.Migrant Smuggling and the Southern Mediterranean:Routes and Conditions 12

2.4.Unique Nature 14

2.5.Conclusion 15

Chapter Three.Pursuing State Interests:The Exercise of Maritime Enforcement Jurisdiction 17

3.1.Overview 17

3.2.State Interests 17

3.3.Interception 18

3.3.1.The Exercise of Jurisdiction 18

3.3.2.What Amounts to an Exercise of Jurisdiction 21

3.3.3.Defining 'Interception' 21

3.4.State Sovereignty and Humanitarian Principles of Protection 24

3.5.Conclusion 26

Chapter Four.Security:Operational and Technical Approaches 27

4.1.The Emerging Security Regime 27

4.2.Focus on Ports 28

4.3.New Challenges and New Approaches 29

4.4.The Container Threat 30

4.5.Control:Surveillance and Monitoring 33

4.5.1.Pushing Borders Further Outwards 33

4.5.2.Other Means of Control 34

4.5.2.1.Automatic Identification System 35

4.5.2.2.Long-range Identification and Tracking System 36

4.5.2.3.Ship Security Alert System 37

4.5.3.Conclusion 39

Part Ⅱ.Tools and Constraints 43

Chapter Five.Zonal Jurisdiction 43

5.1.Internal Waters 43

5.2.Territorial Sea 47

5.2.1.The Traditional Framework established in the LOSC 47

5.2.2.Focus on Maritime Migrant Smuggling 51

5.2.3.The European Dimension 54

5.2.4.Conclusion 55

5.3.Contiguous Zone 56

5.3.1.The Meaning of 'Control' 56

5.3.2.State Practice and Protective Jurisdiction 59

5.4.High Seas 62

5.4.1.Exceptions to Flag State Exclusivity of Jurisdiction 63

5.4.1.1.Exceptions in the LOSC 63

5.4.1.1.a.Hot Pursuit and Constructive Presence 64

5.4.1.l.b.Slavery 66

5.4.1.1.c.Stateless vessels 67

5.4.1.2.Protective Jurisdiction 70

5.4.1.3.Lack of an Effective or Genuine Link 72

5.4.1.3.a.Absence of a Definition 73

5.4.1.3.b.Consequences of a Lack of a Genuine Link 74

5.5.SAR Zones 76

Chapter Six.Humanitarian Obligations 79

6.1.Preliminary Clarifications and Parameters of Discussion 79

6.2.The Impact of the Non-refoulement Obligation 82

6.2.1.Geographic Operation of the Principle 85

6.2.1.1.Extraterritorial Application? 88

6.2.2.Actions which do not amount to refoulement 89

6.2.3.Evaluation 90

6.3.Human Rights Considerations 92

6.4.Rescue at Sea 96

6.4.1.Relevant Responsibilities 99

6.4.1.1.Masters of Ships 99

6.4.1.2.Coastal States 101

6.4.1.3.Rescue Co-ordination Centres (RCCs) 103

6.4.1.4.Flag States 105

6.4.2.The lacuna 106

6.5.Concluding Observations 109

Chapter Seven.Treaty Modifications Demonstrating International Co-Operation 111

7.1.Overview 111

7.2.Treaty Modifications 112

7.2.1.The Smuggling Protocol 112

7.2.1.1.The 1997 Italian Proposal 113

7.2.1.2.Main Features of the Smuggling Protocol 116

7.2.1.3.Smuggling of Migrants by Sea 120

7.2.1.4.The Particular Nature of Migrant Smuggling 126

7.2.2.The 2004 Amendments 128

7.2.2.1.Priorities when Amending the Existing Legal Framework 129

7.2.2.2.The Amendments 131

7.3.Detailing Cooperation 141

7.3.1.Drug Smuggling by Sea 141

7.3.1.1.Regional Initiatives 142

7.3.1.2.Bilateral Initiatives 145

7.3.1.3.The US-Bahamas 2004 Agreement:A Model Shiprider Agreement 146

7.3.1.4.Analysis 150

7.3.1.4.a.Entry into the Territorial Sea 150

7.3.1.4.b.Operations Seaward of the Territorial Sea 151

7.3.2.Acts of Maritime Terrorism 153

7.3.3.Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safely of Maritime Navigation 154

7.4.Common Elements 158

7.5.Conclusion 159

Part Ⅲ.State Practice 163

Chapter Eight.State Practice 163

8.1.Australia 164

8.1.1.Background 164

8.1.2.The Development of a Border Control Strategy 165

8.1.3.Key Legislation 165

8.1.4.The Arrival of the MV Tampa 166

8.1.5.The 2001 Legislative Package-Interception and Excision Perfected 172

8.1.5.1.Interception and the Border Protection (Validation and Enforcement Powers) Act 2001 172

8.1.5.2.Excision of the External Territories-the Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) Act 2001 (Excision Act) 179

8.1.5.3.Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) (Consequential Provisions) Act 2001 181

8.1.6.Interception Illustrated:Operation Relex 183

8.1.7.Recent measures 187

8.1.8.Conclusion 189

8.2.United States 190

8.3.European Union 200

8.3.1.EU Law and Policy on Asylum and Immigration 200

8.3.2.Focus on Illegal Immigration 202

8.3.3.Border Control 203

8.3.4.Focus on Maritime Borders 205

8.3.5.Sea Border Patrols 212

8.3.6.Recent Initiatives 217

8.3.7.EU Practice as compared with Australian and US Action 221

8.4.General Appraisal of State Practice 222

Chapter Nine.Conclusion 225

9.1.A Workable Regime 225

9.2.The Way Forward 227

Bibliography 229

Index 247