THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTPDF电子书下载

INTRODUCTION 3

1.Introduction 3

1-Historical Development 3

2-The Freedoms of the Air 8

A.The Five Freedoms 9

B.The"Sixth Freedom" 13

C.The"Seventh and Eighth Freedoms" 16

D.Capacity 17

E.Tariffs 17

3-"Order in the Air" 18

4-Results of the Chicago Conference,1944 24

PART ONE THE INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 31

2.ICAO:Membership and Organisation 31

1-Membership 31

A.Admission 31

B.Readmission 32

C.Suspension 33

Ⅰ.Suspension of Voting Power 33

Ⅱ.Suspension of Services 34

Ⅲ.Suspension of Rights and Privileges 34

D.Expulsion 34

E.Withdrawal 37

2-Organisation 37

A.Permanent Seat 37

B.Legal Capacity,Immunities and Privileges 37

C.Organs and Powers 42

I.The Assembly 42

Ⅱ.The Council 45

Composition 45

President and Vice-Presidents 46

Voting 46

Administrative Powers 47

Legislative Powers 48

Supervisory Powers 48

Judicial Powers 52

Research and Planning 52

Ⅲ.The Air Navigation Commission 53

Ⅳ.The Air Transport Committee 53

Ⅴ.The Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services 54

Ⅵ.The Legal Committee 54

Ⅶ.The Finance Committee 55

Ⅷ.The Secretariat 55

D.The European Civil Aviation Conference 56

3.Functions of the ICAO 63

1-Aims and Objectives 63

2-Quasi-Legislative and Pre-Legislative Functions 63

A.Quasi-Legislative Functions 63

Ⅰ.Adoption of,Departure from,and Disapproval of Annexes 64

Ⅱ.Adoption of,Departure from,and Disapproval of Amendments 65

Ⅲ.Scope of Annexes 67

Ⅳ.Standards and Recommended Practices 68

Ⅴ.PANS and SUPPS 70

B.Pre-Legislative Functions 72

3-Administrative Functions:Financial and Technical Assistance in the Provision of Air Navigation Facilities 76

A.The Principle of Consent 78

Ⅰ.Consent of the ICAO 78

1.Acceptance of Responsibilities by the ICAO 78

2.Agreement between the ICAO and the Assisted State 79

3.Agreement among the States Concerned 80

Ⅱ.Consent of the State Assisted 83

Ⅲ.Consent of Contributing States 84

1.Parties to Joint Financing Schemes 85

2.Non-Parties to Joint Financing Schemes 90

Charges 90

Accession or Separate Contributions 92

B.The Role of the ICAO 94

4-Quasi-Judicial and Judicial Functions 99

A.Investigation of Obstacles to International Air Navigation 99

B.Consideration of Matters Relating to the Convention 99

C.Report of Infractions of the Convention 100

D.Settlement of Disputes Regarding the Convention 100

E.Disputes Arising from Other Air Transport Agreements 104

4.ICAO:Rights and Duties of Members under the Chicago Convention,1944 106

1-Scope of the Chicago Convention,1944 106

A.Personal Scope 106

B.Geographical Scope 109

C.Material and Functional Scope 110

D.Temporal Scope 118

2-Principles and Standards of the Chicago Convention,1944 119

A.Airspace Sovereignty 120

Ⅰ.Principle 120

Ⅱ.Application 122

Ⅲ.Privileges Exchanged 123

B.Nationality of Aircraft 128

C.Conditions to be Fulfilled with Respect to Aircraft or by their Operators 132

Ⅰ.Restrictions with Respect to Instruments of Flight 133

Ⅱ.Restrictions with Respect to the Right to Fly 133

1.Restrictions Based on the Type of Operation 133

2.Restrictions of a Geographical Character 134

Ⅲ.Entry and Departure of Aircraft 135

Ⅳ.Marks,Documents,Certificates and Licences 137

Ⅴ.Observance of Aeronautical Regulations 139

Ⅵ.Arrangements Consistent with the Convention 141

Ⅶ.Sanctions and Penalties 143

D.International Co-operation and Facilitation 145

I.Standardisation 150

Ⅱ.Infrastructure 156

Ⅲ.Facilitation 165

PART TWO DISTINCTION BETWEEN SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES AND THE LAW OF NON-SCHEDULED INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT 173

5.Distinction between Scheduled and Non-Scheduled International Air Services 173

6.The Law of Non-Scheduled International Air Transport 193

1-Article 5 of the Chicago Convention,1944 193

A.Aircraft Not Engaged in the Carriage of Passengers,Cargo or Mail for Remuneration or Hire 193

B.Aircraft Engaged in the Carriage of Passengers,Cargo or Mail for Remuneration or Hire 196

Ⅰ.Non-Revenue Traffic 196

Ⅱ.Revenue Traffic 196

2-Bilateral Agreements 199

A.Scope 199

B.The Rights Granted 200

Ⅰ.Transit and Non-Revenue Traffic Rights 200

Ⅱ.Revenue Traffic Rights 200

1.Flights Not Over Scheduled Air Services Routes 200

2.Flights Over Scheduled Air Services Routes 200

(1) Single Flights 201

(2) Taxi Flights 201

(3) Charter Flights 201

3.Fifth-Freedom Traffic 201

4.Cabotage 201

Ⅲ.Ancillary Rights 202

C.Regulatory Measures 202

Ⅰ.Competition with Scheduled Services 202

Ⅱ.Substantial Ownership 203

1.Nationality of the Aircraft 203

2.Nationality of the Owner and Operator 203

Owner 203

Operator 204

Ⅲ.Compliance with the Agreement 204

Ⅳ.Consultation 204

D.Entry into Force and Denunciation 204

Ⅰ.Entry into Force 204

Ⅱ.Denunciation 205

3-The Multilateral Paris Agreement of April 30,1956 205

A.Scope 206

Ⅰ.Personal Scope(Ratione Personae) 206

Ⅱ.Material Scope {Ratione Materiae) 209

Ⅲ.Instrumental Scope {Ratione Instrument?) 212

Ⅳ.Geographical Scope(Ratione Loci) 213

B.The Rights Granted 214

I.Transit and Non-Revenue Traffic Rights 214

Ⅱ.Revenue Traffic Rights 215

1.Complete Waiver of"Regulations,Conditions or Limitations" 215

(1)Emergency or Humanitarian Flights 215

(2)Single Flights 215

(3)Taxi Flights 215

(4)Charter Flights 219

2.Conditional Waiver of" Regulations,Conditions or Limitations" 219

3.Restrictions on" Regulations,Conditions or Limitations" 220

C.Compliance with the Chicago Convention,1944,the Agreement and Arbitral Awards 221

D.Settlement of Disputes 222

E.Entry into Force,Amendment and Denunciation 223

Ⅰ.Entry into Force 223

1.Signature and Ratification 224

2.Adherence 224

Ⅱ.Amendment 224

Ⅲ.Denunciation 225

PART THREE THE LAW OF SCHEDULED INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT 229

7.Multilateralism,Bilateralism and Inter-Airline Co-OPERATION 229

1-The Elusive" Multilateral" 229

2-Bilateralism Triumphant 231

A.Informal Arrangements 231

B.The Chicago Standard Form 233

C.United Kingdom Practice 235

D."Pre-Bermuda,"" Para-Bermuda" and the" Transitional Period" 238

E."Post-Bermuda" Agreements 239

F.The Strasbourg Standard Clauses 241

3-Inter-Airline Co-operation 246

A.The International Air Transport Association 246

B.Joint Ownership and Pooled Services 252

Ⅰ.Subsidiaries and Associates 253

Ⅱ.Commonwealth Partnership 266

Ⅲ.Consortia 271

Ⅳ.Pooling 278

C.Other Co-operative Arrangements 286

8.Scheduled International Air Services:The Grant of Rights 289

1-Reciprocity 289

2-The Operating Permission 290

3-Transit Rights 291

4-Traffic Rights 303

5-Cabotage 314

6-Ancillary Rights 327

A.Non-Discriminatory Application of National Air Regulations 328

B.Use of Airports and Other Facilities 329

C.Airport and Similar Charges 331

D.Customs Duties and Transient Aircraft 334

E.Supplies Introduced into or Taken on Board in the Territory of the other Contracting State 336

F.Certificates of Airworthiness and Personnel Licences 342

G.Facilitation 345

H.Distress,Emergency Landing or other Accidents 349

J.Export of Surplus Earnings 351

K.Commercial Operations 355

7-Conventional Standards of International Economic Law 356

9.Scheduled International Air Services:Regulatory Measures 359

1-Inauguration of Services 359

A.Designation of Airlines 359

B.The Operating Permission 361

Ⅰ.The Requirement of Operating Permissions 361

Ⅱ.United Kingdom and United States Practice 363

Ⅲ.Requisite Qualifications 373

Ⅳ.Substantial National Ownership 375

C.Tariffs 380

2-Compliance with Local Laws,the Agreement and Arbitral Awards 381

3-Route Fixing 387

A.Control of the Parties over the Specified Routes 387

B.Route Structure 392

C.The Point of Departure 397

D.Pattern of Air Services 399

Ⅰ.Terminating Services 399

Ⅱ.Terminating Services with Intermediate Points 399

Ⅲ.Through Services 400

Ⅳ.Preternational Services 402

Ⅴ.Extranational Services 403

E.Traffic Streams 403

Ⅰ.Total-Route Traffic 404

Ⅱ.Inter-Partes Traffic 404

Ⅲ.National Traffic 404

1.Inter-Partes Traffic 404

2.Anterior-Point National Third-Country Traffic 404

3.Intermediate-Point National Third-Country Traffic 404

4.Beyond-Point National Third-Country Traffic 404

Ⅳ.Grantor's Traffic 404

Ⅴ.Third-Country Traffic 405

1.National Third-Country Traffic 405

2.Extra-Partes Third-Country Traffic 406

3.Fifth-Freedom Third-Country Traffic 407

F.Advantage as a Regulatory Measure 410

4-Regulation of Capacity 411

A.Governing Principles 412

Ⅰ.Basic Principle 412

Ⅱ.Reasonable Load Factor 412

Ⅲ.Primary and Supplementary Capacity Criteria 415

Ⅳ.Total-Route Traffic 416

Ⅴ.Inter-Partes Traffic 417

Ⅵ.National Traffic 419

B.Allocation of Capacity and Control 422

Ⅰ.International Agency and a Mathematical Formula 422

Ⅱ.Predetermination by Agreement between the Governments or the Airlines 424

1.Predetermination 424

2.Division of Capacity 424

3.Traffic Criteria 425

4.Predetermination by Agreement between the Airlines 425

5.Post-Bermuda Applications 426

Ⅲ."Fair and Equal Opportunity" and" Ex Post Facto Review" 429

Ⅳ.Predetermination Through a Back Door 433

5-Change of Gauge 434

A.Economy of Operation 435

B.Size of Aircraft 435

C."One Service" Clause 436

D.Adequate Through Traffic 437

E.Capacity Regulation 438

F.Fill-Up Traffic 438

G.Scope of Application 439

H.Publicity 440

J."One Plane" Clause 441

6-Tariffs 441

A.Scope of Regulation 441

B.Governing Principles 445

C.Procedure 445

Ⅰ.Agreement and Consultation between Airlines 446

Ⅱ.Time Limits 448

Ⅲ.Disagreement or Disapproval 449

10.Scheduled International Air Services:Settlement of Disputes 454

1-The Two Freedoms and Five Freedoms Agreements 454

2-Bilateral Agreements 456

A.Negotiation 456

B.Failing an Arbitral Tribunal the ICAO Council 456

C.Arbitration 457

D.Advisory Reports or Arbitration 458

E.The Constitution of Arbitral Tribunals 459

F.The ICAO Council as a Judicial Organ 460

G.The International Court of Justice 461

H.Procedure,Interim Measures and Expenses 463

J.Compliance with Awards 464

11.The Conclusion,Modification,Suspension and Termination of Air Services Agreements 465

1-The Conclusion of Air Services Agreements 465

A.Form 465

B.Entry into Force 468

C.Registration of Treaties 471

2-Conformity with Multilateral Agreements 473

3-Modification of Air Services Agreements 475

4-Suspension of Air Services Agreements 479

5-Termination of Air Services Agreements 485

CONCLUSION 491

12.Conclusion 491

APPENDICES 499

A.Final Act of the International Civil Aviation Conference,Chicago,December 7,1944,and Documents appended thereto: 499

Ⅰ.Interim Agreement on International Civil Aviation [omitted] 508

Ⅱ.Convention on International Civil Aviation 508

Ⅲ.International Air Services Transit Agreement 536

Ⅳ.International Air Transport Agreement 539

Ⅴ.Drafts of Technical Annexes [omitted] 543

B.Protocols Amending the Convention on International Civil Aviation,Chicago,December 7,1944: 544

Ⅰ.Protocol,Montreal,May 27,1947 [Article 93 bis] 544

Ⅱ.Protocol,Montreal,June 14,1954 [Article 45] 546

Ⅲ.Protocol,Montreal,June 14,1954 [Articles 48,49,61] 547

C.Multilateral Agreement on Commercial Rights of Non-Scheduled Air Services in Europe,Paris,April 30,1956 549

D.Final Act of the Civil Aviation Conference between the United Kingdom and the United States of America,Bermuda,February 11,1946,and amendments 554

E.Air Services Agreement between the United Kingdom and Chile,Santiago,September 16,1947 574

F.Air Services Agreement between the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,London,December 19,1957,and amendments 581

G.Air Services Agreement between the United Kingdom and Ghana,London,September 24,1958 592

H.Status of Multilateral International Civil Aviation Agreements 602

J.United Kingdom Bilateral Air Transport Agreements 610

Ⅰ.Chronological List 610

Ⅱ.Alphabetical List 618

K.International Non-Scheduled Flights by United Kingdom and Colonial Registered Aircraft to Foreign and Commonwealth Countries 630

Bibliography 635

Index 671