International commercial litigationPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ STARTING OFF 1

1 Introduction 3

1 Private international law 3

2 Names and what they mean 3

3 What is it based on? 5

4 International uniformity of result: a grand objective? 5

PART Ⅱ JURISDICTION 9

2 Jurisdiction: an analysis 11

1 What is jurisdiction? 11

2 Jurisdiction in personam 12

3 Jurisdiction in remn 12

4 Objectives 12

4.1 Conflicting judgments 13

4.2 Enforcement 13

4.3 Keeping the parties to their agreements 14

4.4 Wasting time and resources 14

4.5 Offending foreign States 14

4.6 Fairness to the defendant 14

4.7 Countervailing considerations 15

5 Principles of jurisdiction in personam 15

6 Principles of jurisdiction in rem 16

Further reading 17

3 Jurisdiction under EC law 18

1 Background 18

2 Origin of the Brussels I Regulation 19

3 The Lugano Convention 20

4 Basic principles 21

5 Defendants from third countries 22

6 Domicile 24

6.1 Area of domicile 24

6.2 Domicile of natural persons (individuals) 25

6.3 United Kingdom rules of domicile (individuals) 25

6.4 Domicile of legal persons (corporations) 27

6.5 The role of domicile 28

7 Jurisdiction irrespective of domicile 29

8 Which instrument applies? 29

9 Subject-matter scope 30

9.1 What law decides? 31

LTU v. Eurocontrol 31

9.2 Applying the test 34

Netherlands v. Rüffer 34

Baten 36

Further reading 38

General works on the Brussels Convention, the Brussels Regulation and the Lugano Convention 39

4 EC law: special jurisdiction 40

1 Article 5 40

1.1 Contracts 40

1.1.1 When does a claim relate to contract? 41

Handtev. TMCS 41

1.1.2 The place of performance 45

Tessili v. Dunlop 45

1.1.3 The obligation in question 47

1.1.4 The revised version of Article 5(1) 48

Color Drack v. LEXX International 48

1.1.5 Contracts not covered by Article 5(1) 52

1.2 Tort 52

Bier v. Mines de Potasse d'Alsace 53

Marinari v. Lloyds Bank 55

1.3 Branches, agencies and other establishments 57

1.3.1 What constitutes a branch, agency or other establish-ment? 57

1.3.2 What disputes are covered? 58

Lloyd s Register of Shipping v. Campenon Bernard 58

Anton Durbeck v. Den Norske Bank 60

2 Multiple parties 62

Reisch Montage v. Kiesel Baumaschinen 64

3 Counterclaims 65

4 Weak parties 66

4.1 Employment contracts 66

Mulox v. Geels 68

5 Exclusive jurisdiction 70

5.1 Scope 70

Webb v. Webb 71

5.2 Non-member States 72

6 Procedure 73

7 Conclusions 76

Further reading 76

5 The traditional English rules 77

1 Introduction 77

2 Service of the claim form 77

Colt Industries Inc. v. Sarlie 79

Maharanee of Baroda v. Wildenstein 81

3 Service on a company 83

3.1 Introduction 83

3.2 Company's own office 84

Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd v. A. G. Cudell ？ Co. 84

South India Shipping v. Bank of Korea 86

3.3 Acting through an agent 87

Adams v. Cape Industries 88

3.4 A short-lived anomaly 90

Saab v. Saudi American Bank 92

3.5 Subsidiaries 95

3.6 Conclusions 95

4 Service outside the jurisdiction 96

4.1 Introduction 96

4.2 Contracts 97

4.2.1 Contract made within the jurisdiction 97

4.2.2 Made by or through an agent trading or residing within the jurisdiction 98

4.2.3 Governed by English law 99

4.2.4 Choice-of-court clause 99

4.2.5 Breach committed within the jurisdiction 99

4.2.6 Declaration that no contract exists 99

4.3 Tort 99

Metall und Rohstoff v. Donaldson Lufkin ？ Jenrette 100

4.4 Multiple parties 101

4.5 Weak parties 101

5 Jurisdiction by consent 102

6 Exclusive jurisdiction 102

7 Conclusions 103

Further reading 104

6 Developments in Canada 105

1 Introduction 105

2 Ontario 106

3 Service out of the jurisdiction in tort cases 106

Muscutt v. Courcelles 107

Gajraj v. DeBernardo 119

Lemmex v. Sunflight Holidays Inc. 122

4 Tort cases in Quebec 125

Spar Aerospace Ltd v. American Mobile Satellite Corporation 125

5 Uniform law 129

6 Conclusions 130

Further reading 131

7 US law: an outline 132

1 The US legal system 132

1.1 Federal jurisdiction 133

1.2 Applicable law 135

1.2.1 State courts 135

1.2.2 Federal courts 135

2 International jurisdiction 136

2.1 State courts 136

2.1.1 The 'minimum contacts' doctrine 136

International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington 136

2.1.2 Specific jurisdiction 138

World-Wide Volkswagen Corporation v. Woodson 139

2.1.3 General jurisdiction 142

Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia v. Hall ('Helicol'case) 142

2.1.4 Transient jurisdiction 145

Burnham v. Superior Court of California 145

2.2 Federal courts 150

United States of America v. Swiss American Bank 151

3 Venue 155

4 The United States and Europe Conpared 156

4.1 Cases where European jurisdiction is more exten-sive 156

4.2 Cases where American jurisdiction is more exten-sive 158

4.2.1 Individuals 158

4.2.2 Companies 159

4.3 Assessment 161

5 Conclusions 161

Further reading 162

8 Choice-of-court agreements 163

1 Introduction 163

1.1 Court specified 163

1.2 Exclusive jurisdiction 163

1.3 Asymmetric choice-of-court agreements 164

1.4 Proceedings covered 164

2 The European Community 164

2.1 Introduction 164

2.2 Consent and form 166

2.2.1 Sub-paragraph (a) 167

Berghoef er v. ASA 168

2.2.2 Sub-paragraph (b) 169

2.2.3 Sub-paragraph (c) 169

Mainschiffahrts-Genossenschaft eG v. Les Gravières Rhénanes 169

2.2.4 Electronic communications 172

2.2.5 Relationship with Article 5(1) 172

2.3 Choice-of-court agreement in the constitution of a com-pany 173

2.4 Validity 173

Elefanten Schuh v. Jacqmain 174

2.5 Effect on third parties 175

2.6 Insurance contracts, consumer contracts and employ-ment contracts 176

2.7 The Community and the outside world 176

2.7.1 Choice-of-court agreement in favour of the English courts 178

2.7.2 Choice-of-court agreement in favour of the courts of a non-member State 179

2.8 Arbitration agreements 180

3 England 180

The Fehmarn 181

The Eleftheria 182

Carvalho v. Hull Blyth Ltd 185

4 The United States 189

M/S Bremen v. Zapata Offshore Company 189

Carnival Cruise Lines v. Shute 194

Vimar Seguros v. M/V Sky Reefer 198

5 The Hague Choice-of-Court Convention 201

6 Conclusions 204

Further reading 204

9 Forum non conveniens and antisuit injunctions 205

1 Introduction 205

2 England 207

2.1 Forum non conveniens 207

Spiliada Maritime Corporation v. Cansulex 212

2.2 Antisuit injunctions 222

Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v. Lee Kui Jak 223

2.3 Conclusions 228

3 The United States 229

3.1 Forum non conveniens 229

Piper Aircraft v. Reyno 230

3.2 Antisuit injunctions 235

4 Conclusions 235

Further reading 235

10 Overlapping jurisdiction in EC law 237

1 Lispendens 237

1.1 The same cause of action 238

Gubisch Maschinenfabrik v. Palumbo 238

1.2 The same parties 240

1.3 Related proceedings 240

1.4 Conclusions 241

2 Forum non conveniens 241

Owusu v. Jackson 243

3 Antisuit injunctions 250

Turner v. Grovit 250

4 Choice-of-court agreements and the 'Italian torpedo' 254

Gasser v. MISRAT 255

5 Arbitration: a 'torpedo-free' zone 259

Marc Rich and Co. v. Società Italiana Impianti 259

6 Conclusions 263

Appendix 263

Further reading 264

11 Special topics - Ⅰ 265

1 Products liability 265

1.1 England 265

Distillers Co. v. Thompson 266

Castree v. Squibb Ltd 269

1.2 Canada 270

Moran v. Pyle National (Canada) Ltd 270

1.3 The United States 272

Asahi Metal Industry v. Superior Court of California 272

1.4 Conclusions 276

2 Defamation 277

2.1 Introduction 277

2.2 EClaw 278

Shevill v. Presse Alliance SA 278

2.3 English law 282

King v. Lewis 282

Further reading 287

12 Special topics - Ⅱ 288

1 Intellectual property 288

1.1 EC law 289

Duijnstee v. Goderbauer 290

Gesellschaft für Antriebstechnik mbH ？ Co. KG (GAT)v. Lamellen und Kupplungsbau Beteiligungs KG (LuK) 291

Roche Nederland v. Primus and Goldenberg 295

1.2 English law 300

Coin Controls v. Suzo International (UK) 300

1.3 The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements 302

2 Multinationals and the Third World 303

2.1 Introduction 303

2.2 The United States 304

Dow Chemical Company v. Castro Alfaro 305

Aguinda v. Texaco Inc. 306

2.3 England 310

Lubbev. Cape plc 311

2.4 Conclusions 316

Further reading 316

Intellectual property 316

Multinationals 316

PART Ⅲ FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 317

13 Introduction to Part Ⅲ 319

1 Principles 319

2 Recognition and enforcement 319

3 Theories 319

4 Giving effect to a judgment 320

5 Resjudicata and estoppel 320

Further reading 321

14 EClaw 322

1 Introduction 322

2 Principles 323

3 Jurisdiction 324

4 Judgments outside the scope of the Regulation 325

5 Public policy 325

Krombach v. Bamberski 326

6 Conflicting judgments 332

6.1 Judgments from the State of recognition 333

6.2 Judgments from another State 333

6.3 Judgments outside the scope of the Regulation 333

Hoffmann v. Krieg 333

7 Conflicts with an arbitration award 336

8 Provisional measures 337

9 Choice-of-court agreements 337

10 Arbitration agreements 337

11 Fraud 338

12 Natural justice 339

13 Conclusions 342

Appendix: principal grounds on which recognition may be refused 342

Further reading 343

15 English law: jurisdiction 344

1 Theoretical basis for recognition and enforcement 344

2 Legislation 345

3 Jurisdiction 346

3.1 'Home-court' jurisdiction 347

3.1.1 Individuals 347

Adams v. Cape Industries 347

Richman v. Ben-Tovim 349

3.1.2 Corporations 350

Vogel v. Kohnstamm Ltd 351

3.2 'Cause-of-action' jurisdiction 353

3.3 Submission 354

3.4 Exceptions 355

3.5 Conclusions 356

Further reading 357

16 English law: defences 358

1 Fraud 358

Owens Bank v. Bracco 359

Owens Bank Ltd v. Fulvio Bracco and Bracco Industria Chimica SpA 364

2 Public policy, natural justice and human rights 367

3 Taxes, penalties and other rules of public law 369

Huntington v. Attrill 369

United States of America v. Inkley 373

4 Conflicting judgments 375

5 Resjudicata and issue estoppel 375

The Sennar (No. 2) 376

5.1 English law or EC law? 380

5.2 Judgment for the claimant 381

Further reading 381

17 The Canadian conflicts (judgments) revolution 382

1 Jurisdiction of the foreign court 382

Morguard Investments Ltd v. De Savoye 382

2 Enforcement of non-money judgments 391

Pro Swing Inc. v. Elta Golf Inc. 391

3 Conclusions 393

Further reading 393

18 US law: some highlights 394

1 Reciprocity 394

2 Uniform legislation 394

Bank of Montreal v. Kough 396

Appendix: foreign-judgment recognition legislation(UK and US) 399

Major heads ofjurisdiction of the foreign court 399

Other requirements and defences 399

Further reading 400

PART Ⅳ PROCEDURE 401

19 Freezing assets 403

1 Introduction 403

2 Procedure 404

Third Chandris Shipping Corporation v. Unimarine SA 404

3 Third parties 406

Z Ltd v. A-Z 406

4 Jurisdiction 411

5 Worldwide orders 412

5.1 Worldwide orders in aid of foreign proceedings 412

Crédit Suisse Fides Trust SA v. Cuoghi 413

Motorola Credit Corporation v. Uzan (No. 2) 417

5.2 Worldwide orders and third parties 424

Derby ？ Co. Ltd v. Weldon (Nos. 3 and 4) 424

Bank of China v. NBM LLC 425

5.3 Conclusions 427

6 Commonwealth countries 428

7 The United States 428

Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo SAv. Alliance Bond Fund Inc. 428

United States v. First National City Bank 429

8 The European Union 431

8.1 Jurisdiction over the substance 432

Denilauler v. Couchet Frè res 432

8.2 No jurisdiction over the substance 434

Van Uden v. Deco Line 434

Mietz v. Intership Yachting Sneek 439

8.3 Enforcing a judgment from another Member State 442

Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior SNC v. Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba SA 442

8.4 When does the Regulation apply? 445

8.4.1 Subject-matter scope 446

8.4.2 Judgment in another Member State 446

8.4.3 No judgment in another Member State 446

8.4.4 A court of another Member State is seised first 446

8.4.5 No other Member State court is seised 447

8.4.6 Conclusions 447

Further reading 448

20 Obtaining evidence abroad: forum procedures 449

1 Evidence from parties to the proceedings 449

1.1 England 449

Lonrho Ltd v. Shell Petroleum Co. Ltd 450

1.2 United States 454

Société Internationale v. Rogers 454

2 Evidence from third parties 456

2.1 England 456

Bankers Trust Co. v. Shapira 457

Mackinnon v. Donaldson, Lufkin ？ Jenrette Securities Corporation 458

Altertext Inc. v. Advanced Data Communications Ltd 464

2.2 The United States 467

In re Grand Jury Proceedings Bank of Nova Scotia 467

3 Foreign proceedings 472

X AG v. A Bank (also known as X, Y and Z v. B) 472

4 Conclusions 476

Further reading 476

21 Obtaining evidence abroad: international co-operation 477

1 Introduction 477

2 England 479

2.1 'Fishing expeditions' 479

In re Asbestos Insurance Coverage Cases 479

2.2 Civil or commercial matters 480

In Re State of Norway's Application 480

3 The United States 488

4 England: initiative by a party 488

South Carolina Insurance Co. v. Assurantie Maatschappij 'de Zeven Provincien' NV 489

5 The Hague Convention: a blocking device? 493

Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v. Unitd States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa 493

6 Conclusions 498

Further reading 498

PART Ⅴ CHOICE OF LAW 501

22 Introduction to choice of law 503

1 Why apply foreign law? 503

2 Traditional choice-of-law theory 504

2.1 The methodology of categorization 504

2.2 Substance and procedure 505

2.3 Some basic ideas 505

2.3.1 The personal law: individuals 506

2.3.2 The personal law: companies 506

McDermott Inc. v. Lewis 507

2.3.3 The lex situs 511

2.3.4 The lex loci actus 511

2.4 Methodological problems and escape devices 511

2.4.1 Characterization 512

2.4.2 Renvoi 513

2.4.3 Public policy 514

3 Choice-of-lawrules in internationalinstruments 514

4 American theories 515

4.1 Interest analysis 515

4.2 The primacy offorumlaw 519

4.3 The 'better-law' theory 519

5 Proof of foreign law 520

Anton Durbeck v. Den Norske Bank 522

6 Conclusions 527

Further reading 528

23 Torts 530

1 England: historical development 530

The Halley 530

Phillips v. Eyre 531

Machado v. Fontes 533

2 The Rome Ⅱ Regulation: general rule 535

2.1 The country in which the damage occurs 535

2.2 Common habitual residence 536

2.2.1 Rules of the road 536

2.2.2 Multi-party cases 537

2.2.3 Meaning of 'country' 537

2.2.4 Meaning of 'habitual residence' 538

2.3 Flexibility 539

3 Pre-existing relationship 539

McLean v. Pettigrew 540

M'Elroy v. M'Allister 540

Babcock v. Jackson 542

Neilson v. Overseas Projects Corporation of Victoria Ltd 544

4 Common origin 547

Dym v. Gordon 547

Chaplin v. Boys 550

5 US law: interest analysis and the 'better law' theory 552

Milkovich v. Saari 552

Rong Yao Zhou v. Jennifer Mall Restaurant Inc. 554

Bernhard v. Harrah's Club 555

6 The Rome Ⅱ Regulation: special rules 558

6.1 Products liability 559

6.1.1 Structure 559

6.1.2 Primary rule 559

6.1.3 Second-ranking rule 559

6.1.4 Third-ranking rule 559

6.1.5 Fourth-ranking rule 560

6.1.6 Product marketed 560

6.1.7 No rule applicable 560

6.1.8 Conclusions 562

6.2 Intellectual property 562

7 Defamation 563

8 Choiceoflaw 563

Appendix: subject-matter scope of the Regulation 564

Further reading 565

24 Contracts: the principle of party autonomy 566

1 Introduction 566

2 The theory of the proper law 566

3 The Rome Convention 571

4 The Rome I Regulation 571

4.1 Subject-matter scope 571

4.2 International scope 572

4.3 Meaning of 'country' 573

4.4 Express choice 573

4.4.1 Freedom of choice 573

4.4.2 Non-state law 573

4.5 Implied choice 574

Amin Rasheed Shipping Corporation v. Kuwait Insurance Co. 574

Oldendorff v. Libera Corporation 578

4.6 Applicable law in the absence of choice 580

4.6.1 Structure and general principles 580

4.6.2 Meaning of 'habitual residence' 583

4.6.3 Linked contracts 584

Bank of Baroda v. Vysya Bank 585

4.6.4 The escape clause 588

Definitely Maybe Ltd v. Lieberberg GmbH 589

Kenburn Waste Management Ltd v. Bergmann 593

4.6.5 Exceptions 594

4.6.6 Carriage of goods 594

4.6.7 Carriage of passengers 594

4.7 The problem of consent 595

4.8 Capacity 596

4.9 Other provisions 597

Further reading 598

25 Contracts: legal policy and choice of law 599

1 Introduction 599

2 Terminology 599

3 The Rome I Regulation 600

3.1 Purely domestic contracts 601

3.2 Consumer contracts 602

3.3 Individual employment contracts 603

3.4 Contracts concerning immovable property 606

3.5 Overriding mandatory provisions 606

3.5.1 Overriding mandatory provisions of the forum 607

Ingmar GB Ltd v. Eaton Leonard Technologies Inc. 608

3.5.2 Overriding mandatory provisions of foreign law 611

4 Foreign illegality under English Common law 611

4.1 Initial illegality 611

4.1.1 Contracts to commit a crime 611

Foster v. Driscoll 611

Regazzoni v. K. C. Serhia (1944) Ltd 613

4.1.2 Foreign public policy 617

Lemenda Trading Co. Ltd v. African Middle East Petroleum Co. Ltd 618

4.1.3 Wider forms of illegality 619

Euro-Diam Ltd v. Bathurst 620

4.1.4 Arbitration 622

Soleimany v. Soleimany 622

4.2 Supervening illegality 625

Ralli Brothers v. Compania Naviera Sota y Aznar 625

4.3 Conclusions 627

5 Foreign illegality under US law 627

Triad Financial Establishment v. Tumpane Company 629

Business Incentives Co. v. Sony Corporation of America 631

Further reading 632

26 Gontracts: regulating business, protecting employees and helping consumers 633

1 Legal principles 633

2 Estate agents 634

Freehold Land Investments Ltd v. Oueensland Estates Pty Ltd 634

Dorothy K. Winston ？ Co. v. Town Heights Development Inc. 636

3 Lawyers 638

Newcomb v. Daniels, Saltz, Mongeluzzi ？ Barrett Ltd 638

4 Employees 642

4.1 Exemption clauses 642

Sayers v. International Drilling Co. NV 643

Brodin v. A/R Seljan 649

4.2 Agreements not to compete 651

Nasco Inc. v. Gimbert 652

Nordson Corporation v. Plasschaert 653

Barnes Group Inc. v. C？C Products Inc. 656

5 Consumers 660

English v. Donnelly 660

Further reading 663

27 Foreign currency 664

1 Exchange controls 664

1.1 Exchange controls of the forum 664

Boissevain v. Weil 665

1.2 Foreign exchange controls 667

1.2.1 General principles 667

Kleinwort, Sons and Company v. Ungarische Baumwolle Industrie 667

1.2.2 The IMF Agreement 668

Wilson, Smithett ？ Cope Ltd v. Terruzzi 669

Sing Batra v. Ebrahim 672

United City Merchants v. Royal Bank of Canada 673

1.3 Conclusions 675

2 Claims in foreign currency 676

2.1 The 'breach-date' rule 676

Competex v. LaBow 676

Indag SAv. Irridelco Corporation 678

2.2 Judgment in foreign currency 679

Miliangos v. George Frank (Textiles) Ltd 679

Owners of the Eleftherotria v. Owners of the Despina R 684

Services Europe Atlantique Sud v. Stockholms Rederiaktiebolag Svea 684

Attorney General of Ghana v. Texaco Overseas Tankships Ltd 690

2.3 Developments in New York 693

3 Currency-exchange loss 693

Ozalid Group (Export) Ltd v. African Continental Bank Ltd 693

Further reading 694

28 Property: tangible movables 696

1 Introduction 696

2 Stolen property 697

Winkworth v. Christie Manson and Woods Ltd 697

3 Tax claims 702

Brokaw v. Seatrain UK Ltd 702

4 Nationalization: England and its colonies 704

Luther Co. v. Sagor ？ Co. 704

Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. ttdv. Jaffrate (The Rose Mary) 706

Re Helbert Wagg ？ Co. Ltd 709

5 Nationalization:United States 710

Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino 710

Nelson Bunker Hunt v. Coastal States Gas Producing Company 715

6 Conclusions 717

Oppenheimer v. Cattermole 717

Further reading 719

29 Contractual rights and property interests - Ⅰ 720

1 Introduction 720

2 Situs 720

3 The distinction between contract and property 721

4 Contractualdebts andbonds 721

Re Helbert Wagg ？ Co. Ltd 721

National Bank of Greece and Athens v. Metliss 727

Adams v. National Bank of Greece 730

5 Bank accounts 734

Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v. Bankers Trust Co. 734

6 Letters of credit 740

Power Curber International Ltd v. National Bank of Kuwait 740

7 Voluntary assignments: the Rome I Regulation 743

7.1 The structure of Article 14 743

7.2 The problem of characterization (classification) 744

Raiffeisen Zentralbank Osterreich v. Five Star Trading 745

7.3 When will each paragraph of Article 14 apply? 752

7.4 What law should apply under paragraph 3? 753

7.5 The lex situs 755

Further reading 755

30 Contractual rights and property interests - Ⅱ 756

1 Shares 756

1.1 The common law 756

Braun v. Custodian 756

Macmillan Inc. v. Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc(No. 3) 759

Williams ？ Humbert Ltd v. W？H Trade Marks (Jersey)Ltd 761

1.2 The Rome I Regulation 765

2 Third-party debt orders and garnishment 765

2.1 English law 766

Deutsche Schachtbau- und Tiefbohrgesellschaft mbHv. Ras Al-Khaimah National Oil Co 767

Société Eram Shipping Co. Ltd v. Compagnie Internationale de Navigation 772

2.2 EC law 775

3 Conclusions 776

Further reading 776

31 Contractual rights and property interests - Ⅲ 777

1 Original approach 777

Republic of Iraq v. First National City Bank 777

United Bank Ltd v. Cosmic International Inc. 779

Vishipco Line v. Chase Manhattan Bank 782

2 New approaches 783

Tabacalera Severiano Jorge SAv. Standard Cigar 784

Allied Bank International v. Banco Credito Agricola de Cartago 785

Callejo v. Bancomer 788

Braka v. Bancomer 791

3 Situs under US law 791

4 The Hickenlooper Amendment 792

French v. Banco Nacional de Cuba 792

5 Conclusions 797

5.1 England and the US compared 797

5.2 Should English law be changed? 798

Further reading 799

PART Ⅵ EXTRATERRITORIALITY 801

32 Introduction to Extraterritoriality 803

1 What Is Extraterritoriality? 803

2 Jurisdiction to enforce 804

United States v. Alvarez-Machain 804

Further reading 809

33 Extraterritorial application of US antitrust law 810

1 Introduction 810

2 Act of state and choice of law 810

American Banana Company v. United Fruit Company 811

3 About turn! 814

United States v. Sisal Sales Corporation 814

4 The effects doctrine 816

United States v. Aluminum Company of America 816

5 Abalancing exercise 818

Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of America Ⅰ 818

Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of America Ⅱ 822

6 The new hard line 825

Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California 825

Further reading 831

34 The international response 832

1 Patents 832

British Nylon Spinners v. ICI 832

2 Obtaining evidence 835

Westinghouse Electric Corporation Uranium Contract Litigation (Rio Tinto Zinc v. Westinghouse) 836

Westinghouse Electric Corporation v. Duquesne Light Co. 839

3 Meanwhile, back in the USA... 841

In re Westinghouse Electric Corporation Uranium Contracts Litigation 841

In re Uranium Antitrust Litigation 843

4 The Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980 845

4.1 General 845

4.2 Overseas measures 845

4.3 Obtaining evidence 846

4.4 Criminal penalties 846

4.5 Foreign judgments 846

4.6 'Claw-back' 847

4.7 Conclusions 847

5 The Laker Airways case 848

6 The Soviet gas pipeline 849

7 The Helms-Burton Act 850

8 Conclusions 851

Further reading 851

35 Extraterritorial application of EC competition law 853

1 Introduction 853

2 Dyestuffs 854

ICI v. Commission 854

3 Wood pulp 857

Ahlstr？m v. Commission 857

4 Conclusions 861

Bibliography 862

Index 864