Ultimate limit state design of steel plated structuresPDF电子书下载

1 Principles of Limit State Design 1

1.1 Design Philosophies for Steel Structures 3

1.2 Considerations in Limit State Design 3

1.2.1 Serviceability Limit State Design 4

1.2.2 Ultimate Limit State Design 4

1.2.3 Fatigue Limit State Design 5

1.2.4 Accidental Limit State Design 9

1.3 Material Behavior of Structural Steels 11

1.3.1 Monotonic Tensile Stress-Strain Curve 11

1.3.2 Yield Condition under Multiple Stress Components 15

1.3.3 Effect of Temperature 16

1.3.4 The Bauschinger Effect - Cyclic Loading 18

1.3.5 Limits of Cold Forming 18

1.3.6 Lamellar Tearing 19

1.3.7 Variability in Mechanical Properties 19

1.4 Strength Member Types for Steel-Plated Structures 20

1.5 Types of Loads 21

1.6 Basic Types of Structural Failure 22

1.7 Fabrication-related Initial Imperfections 24

1.7.1 Weld Distortions 24

1.7.2 Welding-induced Residual Stresses 29

1.8 Age-related Structural Degradation 33

1.8.1 Corrosion Damage 33

1.8.2 Fatigue Cracks 41

1.9 Accident-induced Damage 41

1.10 Ultimate Limit State Design Format 41

References 43

2 Buckling and Ultimate Strength Behavior of Plate-Stiffener Combinations：Beams，Columns and Beam-Columns 45

2.1 Structural Idealizations of Plate-Stiffener Assemblies 45

2.2 Geometric and Material Properties 47

2.3 Modeling of End Conditions 49

2.4 Loads and Load Effects 50

2.5 Effective Breadth/Width of Attached Plating 51

2.5.1 Shear-lag-induced Ineffectiveness 53

2.5.2 Buckling-induced Ineffectiveness 56

2.5.3 Combined Shear-lag- and Buckling-induced Ineffectiveness 58

2.6 Plastic Cross-sectional Capacities 58

2.6.1 Axial Capacity 58

2.6.2 Shear Capacity 58

2.6.3 Bending Capacity 59

2.6.4 Capacity under Combined Bending and Axial Load 62

2.6.5 Capacity under Combined Bending，Axial Load and Shearing Force 65

2.7 Ultimate Strength of Beams 65

2.7.1 Cantilever Beams 66

2.7.2 Beams Simply Supported at Both Ends 67

2.7.3 Beams Simply Supported at One End and Fixed at the Other End 68

2.7.4 Beams Fixed at Both Ends 70

2.7.5 Beams Elastically Restrained at Both Ends 72

2.7.6 Tripping under Lateral Load 74

2.8 Ultimate Strength of Columns 74

2.8.1 Large-deflection Behavior of Straight Columns 75

2.8.2 Elastic Buckling of Straight Columns 77

2.8.3 Effect of End Conditions 78

2.8.4 Effect of Initial Imperfections 80

2.8.5 Collapse Strength of Columns 83

2.8.6 Local Web or Flange Buckling under Axial Compression 87

2.8.7 Lateral -Torsional Buckling under Axial Compression 87

2.9 Ultimate Strength of Beam-Columns 87

2.9.1 Modified Perry-Robertson Formula 87

2.9.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling under Combined Axial Compression and Lateral Load 90

2.10 Ultimate Strength of Plate-Stiffener Combinations and Their Design Considerations 93

2.11 Axial Stress-Strain Relationships of Beam-Columns 93

2.11.1 Pre-ultimate Strength Regime 93

2.11.2 Ultimate Limit State 94

2.11.3 Pos-ultimate Strength Regime 95

2.11.4 Verification Examples 96

References 100

3 Elastic and Inelastic Buckling of Plates under Complex Circumstances 103

3.1 Fundamentals of Plate Buckling 103

3.2 Geometric and Material Properties 104

3.3 Loads and Load Effects 104

3.4 Boundary Conditions 105

3.5 Linear Elastic Behavior 106

3.6 Elastic Buckling of Simply Supported Plates under Single Types of Loads 106

3.7 Elastic Buckling of Simply Supported Plates under Two Load Components 107

3.7.1 Biaxial Compression/Tension 107

3.7.2 Longitudinal Axial Compression and Longitudinal In-plane Bending 110

3.7.3 Transverse Axial Compression and Longitudinal In-plane Bending 110

3.7.4 Longitudinal Axial Compression and Transverse In-plane Bending 111

3.7.5 Transverse Axial Compression and Transverse In-plane Bending 111

3.7.6 Biaxial In-plane Bending 111

3.7.7 Longitudinal Axial Compression and Edge Shear 112

3.7.8 Transverse Axial Compression and Edge Shear 112

3.7.9 Longitudinal In-plane Bending and Edge Shear 113

3.7.10 Transverse In-plane Bending and Edge Shear 113

3.8 Elastic Buckling of Simply Supported Plates under More than Three Load Components 114

3.9 Elastic Buckling of Clamped Plates 116

3.9.1 Single Types of Loads 116

3.9.2 Combined Loads 116

3.10 Elastic Buckling of Elastically Restrained Plates 116

3.10.1 Rotational Restraint Parameters 118

3.10.2 Longitudinal Axial Compression 119

3.10.3 Transverse Axial Compression 122

3.10.4 Combined Loads 125

3.11 Effect of Welding-induced Residual Stresses 125

3.12 Effect of Lateral Pressure 127

3.13 Effect of Openings 129

3.13.1 Longitudinal Axial Compression 129

3.13.2 Transverse Axial Compression 130

3.13.3 Edge Shear 132

3.13.4 Combined Loads 135

3.14 Elastic-Plastic Buckling 135

3.14.1 Single Types of Loads 135

3.14.2 Combined Loads 141

3.15 Computer Software ALPS/BUSAP 141

References 142

4 Post-Buckling and Ultimate Strength Behavior of Plates 145

4.1 Fundamentals of Plate Collapse Behavior 145

4.2 Geometric and Material Properties 146

4.3 Loads and Load Effects 147

4.4 Fabrication-related Initial Imperfections 148

4.5 Boundary Conditions 148

4.6 Ultimate Strength by Gross Yielding 151

4.7 Nonlinear Governing Differential Equations of Plates 152

4.8 Elastic Large-deflection Behavior 152

4.8.1 Combined Longitudinal Axial Load and Lateral Pressure 153

4.8.2 Combined Transverse Axial Load and Lateral Pressure 164

4.8.3 The Concept of the Effective Shear Modulus for a Plate Buckled in Edge Shear 169

4.8.4 Average Stress-Strain Relationship under Combined Loads 171

4.9 Ultimate Strength 172

4.9.1 Basic Concepts to Derive the Ultimate Strength Formulations 173

4.9.2 Combined Longitudinal Axial Load and Lateral Pressure 174

4.9.3 Combined Transverse Axial Load and Lateral Pressure 175

4.9.4 Lateral Pressure 177

4.9.5 Edge Shear 178

4.9.6 Combined Edge Shear and Lateral Pressure 181

4.9.7 Combined Biaxial Loads，Edge Shear and Lateral Pressure 181

4.10 Post-ultimate Behavior 184

4.10.1 Average Stress-Strain Relationship 184

4.10.2 Verification Examples 186

4.11 Effect of Openings 187

4.11.1 Longitudinal Axial Compression 188

4.11.2 Transverse Axial Compression 189

4.11.3 Edge Shear 190

4.11.4 Combined Loads 192

4.11.5 Effect of Opening Shapes 196

4.12 Effect of Age-related Structural Degradation 200

4.12.1 Corrosion Damage 200

4.12.2 Fatigue Cracks 204

4.13 Computer Software ALPS/ULSAP 204

References 204

5 Elastic and Inelastic Buckling of Stiffened Panels and Grillages 207

5.1 Fundamentals of Stiffened Panel Buckling 207

5.2 Geometric and Material Properties 208

5.3 Loads and Load Effects 210

5.4 Boundary Conditions 211

5.5 Fabrication-related Initial Imperfections 212

5.6 Linear Elastic Behavior 212

5.7 Overall Buckling Versus Local Buckling 213

5.8 Elastic Overall Buckling 213

5.8.1 Longitudinal Axial Compression 214

5.8.2 Transverse Axial Compression 215

5.8.3 Edge Shear 216

5.8.4 Combined Biaxial Compression/Tension 216

5.8.5 Combined Axial Compression and Edge Shear 218

5.9 Elastic Local Buckling of Plating between Stiffeners 218

5.10 Elastic Local Buckling of Stiffener Web 218

5.10.1 Governing Differential Equation 219

5.10.2 Exact Web Buckling Characteristic Equation 220

5.10.3 Closed-form Web Buckling Strength Expressions 223

5.11 Elastic Local Buckling of Stiffener Flange 225

5.12 Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Stiffeners 226

5.12.1 Fundamentals of Lateral -Torsional Buckling 226

5.12.2 Closed-form Tripping Strength Expressions 228

5.12.3 Verification Examples 232

5.13 Elastic-Plastic Buckling 234

5.14 Computer Software ALPS/BUSAP 234

References 234

6 Post-buckling and Ultimate Strength Behavior of Stiffened Panels and Grillages 237

6.1 Fundamentals of Stiffened Panel Collapse Behavior 237

6.2 Classification of Panel Collapse Modes 238

6.3 Modeling of Stiffened Panels 242

6.4 Nonlinear Governing Differential Equations of Stiffened Panels 242

6.4.1 Large-deflection Orthotropic Plate Theory after Overall Grillage Buckling 243

6.4.2 Large-deflection Isotropic Plate Theory after Local Plate Buckling 246

6.5 Elastic Large-deflection Behavior after Overall Grillage Buckling 246

6.5.1 Combined Longitudinal Axial Load and Lateral Pressure 246

6.5.2 Combined Transverse Axial Load and Lateral Pressure 250

6.5.3 Average Stress-Strain Relationship under Combined Loads 252

6.6 Elastic Large-deflection Behavior after Local Plate Buckling 253

6.6.1 Combined Longitudinal Axial Load and Lateral Pressure 253

6.6.2 Combined Transverse Axial Load and Lateral Pressure 253

6.6.3 Average Stress-Strain Relationship under Combined Loads 254

6.7 Ultimate Strength 254

6.7.1 Overall Collapse （Mode Ⅰ） 254

6.7.2 Biaxial Compressive Collapse （Mode Ⅱ） 258

6.7.3 Beam-Column-type Collapse （Mode Ⅲ） 260

6.7.4 Collapse by Local Buckling of Stiffener Web （Mode Ⅳ） 262

6.7.5 Collapse by Tripping of Stiffener （Mode Ⅴ） 264

6.7.6 Gross Yielding （Mode Ⅵ） 266

6.8 Post-ultimate Behavior 267

6.8.1 Average Stress-Strain Relationship 267

6.8.2 Verification Examples 269

6.9 Computer Software ALPS/ULSAP 271

6.9.1 Outline of the Computer Software 271

6.9.2 Application Examples 271

References 281

7 Ultimate Strength of Plate Assemblies：Plate Girders，Box Columns/Girders and Corrugated Panels 283

7.1 Introduction 283

7.2 Ultimate Strength of Plate Girders 284

7.2.1 Ultimate Strength under Shearing Force 284

7.2.2 Ultimate Strength under Bending Moment 288

7.2.3 Ultimate Strength under Combined Shearing Force and Bending Moment 291

7.2.4 Ultimate Strength under Patch Load 293

7.2.5 Ultimate Strength under Combined Patch Load，Shearing Force and Bending Moment 294

7.3 Ultimate Strength of Box Columns/Girders 294

7.3.1 Ultimate Strength under Axial Compression 295

7.3.2 Ultimate Strength under Bending Moment 296

7.3.3 Ultimate Strength under Shearing Force 297

7.3.4 Ultimate Strength under Combined Shearing Force and Bending Moment 298

7.4 Ultimate Strength of Corrugated Panels 298

7.4.1 Ultimate Strength under Axial Compression 298

7.4.2 Ultimate Strength under Shearing Force 298

7.4.3 Ultimate Strength under Lateral Pressure 299

References 301

8 Ultimate Strength of Ship Hulls 303

8.1 Fundamentals of Hull Girder Collapse 303

8.2 Hull Girder Loads 305

8.2.1 Characteristics of Ship Structural Loads 305

8.2.2 Calculations of Hull Girder Loads 305

8.3 Basic Properties of Ship Hull Cross-sections 310

8.3.1 Section Moduli 310

8.3.2 Full Plastic Bending Capacity 314

8.4 Progressive Collapse Behavior of Ship Hulls 315

8.4.1 Single Hull Tanker 315

8.4.2 Double Hull Tanker with Two Side-Longitudinal Bulkheads 318

8.4.3 Single Skin-sided Bulk Carrier 320

8.4.4 9000 TEU Container 321

8.4.5 Effect of Lateral Pressure on Ultimate Vertical Moment 323

8.4.6 Effect of Horizontal Moment on Ultimate Vertical Moment 329

8.5 Closed-form Ultimate Hull Girder Strength Design Formulations 329

8.5.1 Ultimate Vertical Moment 329

8.5.2 Ultimate Horizontal Moment 333

8.5.3 Ultimate Vertical Sectional Shear 333

8.5.4 Ultimate Strength under Combined Hull Girder Loads 336

8.5.5 Effect of Torsion on Ultimate Vertical Moment 339

8.5.6 Effect of Age-related Structural Degradation on Ultimate Vertical Moment 340

8.5.7 Effect of Accident-related Structural Damage on Ultimate Vertical Moment 342

8.6 Computer Software ALPS/USAS 345

References 346

9 Impact Mechanics and Structural Design for Accidents 349

9.1 Fundamentals of Structural Impact Mechanics 349

9.2 Load Effects Due to Impact 351

9.3 Material Constitutive Equation of Structural Steels under Impact Loading 354

9.3.1 The Malvern Constitutive Equation 355

9.3.2 Dynamic Yield Strength - the Cowper-Symonds Equation 356

9.3.3 Dynamic Fracture Strain 358

9.3.4 Inertia Effects 358

9.3.5 Friction Effects 359

9.4 Collapse Strength of Beams under Impact Lateral Loads 359

9.5 Collapse Strength of Columns under Impact Axial Compressive Loads 361

9.5.1 Oscillatory Response 362

9.5.2 Dynamic Buckling Response 362

9.6 Collapse Strength of Plates under Impact Lateral Pressure Loads 364

9.6.1 Analytical Formulations - Small-deflection Theory 364

9.6.2 Analytical Formulations - Large-deflection Theory 366

9.6.3 Empirical Formulations 368

9.7 Collapse Strength of Stiffened Panels under Impact Lateral Loads 368

9.8 Crushing Strength of Thin-walled Structures 369

9.8.1 Fundamentals of Crushing Behavior 369

9.8.2 Crushing Strength of Plates and Stiffened Panels 372

9.8.3 Crushing Strength of L-，T- and X-Shaped Elements 375

9.9 Tearing Strength of Plates and Stiffened Panels 376

9.9.1 Fundamentals of Tearing Behavior 376

9.9.2 Analytical Formulations 378

9.9.3 Empirical Formulations 380

9.9.4 Concertina Tearing 381

9.10 Numerical Simulation for Structural Impact Mechanics 383

9.11 Some Considerations for the Quasi-Static Approximation 385

9.12 Application to Ship Collision and Grounding Accidents 386

9.12.1 Fundamentals of Ship Accident Mechanics 386

9.12.2 Ship Collision 387

9.12.3 Ship Grounding 391

9.12.4 Design Standards for Ship Collision and Grounding 396

References 399

10 Fracture Mechanics and Ultimate Strength of Cracked Structures 403

10.1 Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics 403

10.2 Basic Concepts for Fracture Mechanics Analysis 406

10.2.1 Energy-based Concept 406

10.2.2 Stress Intensity Factor Concept 407

10.3 More on LEFM and the Modes of Crack Extension 409

10.3.1 Useful K Solutions 412

10.3.2 Fracture Toughness Testing 413

10.4 Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics 414

10.4.1 Crack Tip Opening Displacement 414

10.4.2 Other EPFM Measures：J-integral and Crack Growth Resistance Curve 419

10.5 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and its Relationship to the Stress Intensity Factor 422

10.6 Ultimate Strength of Cracked Structures under Monotonic Extreme Loading 425

10.6.1 Crack Damage Model 425

10.6.2 Ultimate Strength of Plates with Existing Crack 425

10.6.3 Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Panels with Existing Crack 427

References 429

11 A Semi-analytical Method for the Elastic-Plastic Large-deflection Analysis of Plates under Combined Loading 433

11.1 Features of the Method 433

11.2 Analysis of Elastic Large-deflection Behavior 434

11.2.1 The Traditional Approach 435

11.2.2 The Incremental Approach 437

11.3 Application to the Elastic Large-deflection Analysis of Simply Supported Plates 439

11.4 Treatment of Plasticity 444

11.5 Computer Software ALPS/SPINE 444

11.5.1 Outline of the Computer Software 444

11.5.2 Application Examples 445

References 454

12 The Nonlinear Finite Element Method 455

12.1 Introduction 455

12.2 Solution Procedures for Nonlinear Problems 455

12.2.1 The Direct Method 456

12.2.2 The Incremental Method 457

12.2.3 The Newton-Raphson Method 458

12.2.4 The Modified Newton-Raphson Method 459

12.2.5 The Arc Length Method 459

12.3 Features of the Plastic Node Method 460

12.4 Formulation of Nonlinear Rectangular Plate-Shell Element 461

12.4.1 Nodal Forces and Nodal Displacements 461

12.4.2 Strain-Displacement Relationship 462

12.4.3 Stress-Strain Relationship 463

12.4.4 Elastic Tangent Stiffness Matrix 464

12.4.5 Displacement （Shape） Function 466

12.4.6 Yield Condition 467

12.4.7 Elastic-Plastic Tangent Stiffness Matrix 469

12.4.8 Treatment of the Bauschinger Effect 473

12.4.9 Local to Global Transformation Matrix 474

12.5 Computer Software NATS 474

12.5.1 Outline of the Computer Software 474

12.5.2 Application Examples 475

References 477

13 The Idealized Structural Unit Method 479

13.1 Features of the Method 479

13.2 ISUM Modeling Strategies for Steel-plated Structures 481

13.3 Procedure for Development of the ISUM Units 482

13.4 The ISUM Beam-Column Unit 483

13.5 The ISUM Rectangular Plate Unit for Analysis of Ultimate Strength 485

13.6 The ISUM Rectangular Plate Unit for Analysis of Collision and Grounding Mechanics 487

13.7 The ISUM Stiffened Panel Unit for Analysis of Ultimate Strength 489

13.8 The ISUM Stiffened Panel Unit for Analysis of Collision and Grounding Mechanics 490

13.9 The ISUM Gap/Contact Unit 491

13.10 Treatment of Dynamic/Impact Load Effects 492

13.11 Computer Software ALPS/ISUM 493

13.11.1 Outline of the Computer Software 493

13.11.2 Application Examples 494

References 505

Appendices 507

A.1 How to Download the Computer Programs Presented in This Book 507

A.2 Source Listing of the FORTRAN Computer Program CARDANO 507

A.3 SI Units 508

A.3.1 Conversion Factors 508

A.3.2 SI Unit Prefixes 510

A.4 Density and Viscosity of Water and Air 510

Index 511