FORMALITIES IN COPYRIGHT LAW AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR HISTORYPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1. The Challenges for Copyright in the Digital Era 3

1.1.1. Establishing Legal Certainty Regarding Copyright Claims 3

1.1.2. Improving the Clearance of Copyright 5

1.1.3. Enhancing the Free Flow of Information 7

1.2. The Current Debate about Copyright Formalities 9

1.3. Definition of the Problem 11

1.4. Methodology and Outline of the Book 12

Chapter 2 The Role and Functions of Formalities in Intellectual Property Law 15

2.1. The Different Types of Formalities 17

2.1.1. Registration 18

2.1.2. Renewal 19

2.1.3. Recordation 20

2.1.4. Deposit 22

2.1.5. Notices 24

2.2. The Nature and Legal Effects of Formalities 27

2.2.1. Constitutive Formalities 27

2.2.2. Maintenance Formalities 28

2.2.3. Declaratory Formalities 29

2.2.4. Situation-specific Formalities 30

2.3. The Functions of Formalities 31

2.3.1. Filtering Function 31

2.3.2. Demarcation Function 35

2.3.2.1. The Applicant's Claim for Protection 35

2.3.2.2. The Examination Procedure 38

2.3.2.3. Opposition or Invalidation by the Court 41

2.3.3. Signalling and Publicity Function 43

2.3.4. Evidentiary Function 45

2.3.5. Information Function 47

2.4. Conclusion 50

Chapter 3 The History of Formalities in National Copyright Law 53

3.1. The Origins of Formalities in the Pre-History of Copyright Law 55

3.1.1. The System of Book Privileges 58

3.1.1.1. Licence to Print From the Censor 59

3.1.1.2. Early Notice Requirements 63

3.1.1.3. Registration of Licences and Book Privileges 65

3.1.1.4. Legal Deposit of Copies of Books 67

3.1.2. The System of Stationers' Copyright 71

3.1.3. The Dual Nature of the Early Book Formalities 74

3.2. Formalities in Early Modern Copyright Law 75

3.2.1. An Overview of Formalities in National Copyright Law 76

3.2.1.1. United Kingdom 77

3.2.1.2. Continental Europe 77

3.2.1.3. United States of America 78

3.2.2. The Nature and Legal Effects of the Early Copyright Formalities 80

3.2.2.1. United Kingdom 80

3.2.2.2. Continental Europe 82

3.2.2.3. United States of America 83

3.2.3. Explaining the Differences in Attitude Towards Formalities 85

3.2.3.1. The Influence of 'Old' Book Formalities 85

3.2.3.2. The Position of the Author 86

3.2.3.3. The Focus on Public Welfare and Social Utility 88

3.3. Formalities in Modern Copyright Law 89

3.3.1. The Development of Formalities in National Copyright Law 90

3.3.1.1. United Kingdom 90

3.3.1.2. Continental Europe 92

3.3.1.3. United States of America 94

3.3.2. The Change of Perspective vis-a-vis Formalities in Europe 97

3.3.2.1. The Increased Person-Oriented Nature of Copyright 98

3.3.2.2. The Functions of Copyright Formalities 101

3.3.2.3. Some Important Conceptual Innovations and Transformations 107

3.3.2.4. The Negligible Effects on Dutch and UK Copyright Law 110

3.3.3. The Continuation of Formalities in the US 112

3.4. Conclusion 113

Chapter 4 The Prohibition onFormalities in International Copyright Law 117

4.1. International Copyright Prior to the Berne Convention 118

4.1.1. The Recognition of Copyright in Foreign Works 118

4.1.2. The Plethora of Formalities in Early Bilateral Agreements 121

4.1.3. The Growing Resistance Against the Excess of Formalities 123

4.2. The Pre-Berne Debates on International Copyright 124

4.2.1. The Necessity of Formalities for Copyright Protection 125

4.2.1.1. The 1858 Conference on Literary and Artistic Property 125

4.2.1.2. The 1878 International Conference on Artistic Property 128

4.2.2. The Necessity of Subjecting Foreign Authors to Formalities 131

4.2.2.1. The 1858 Conference on Literary and Artistic Property 131

4.2.2.2. The 1878 Conferences on Literary and Artistic Property 133

4.3. The Berne Convention and the Prohibition on Formalities 135

4.3.1. The 1886 Berne Convention 135

4.3.1.1. The Choice for a Treaty Based on National Treatment 136

4.3.1.2. The Country of Origin Rule With Respect to Formalities 138

4.3.1.3. Supplementary Provisions 139

4.3.2. The 1896 Paris Revision 140

4.3.3. The 1908 Berlin Revision 144

4.3.3.1. The Continuing Problems Caused by Formalities 144

4.3.3.2. The Prohibition on Formalities 146

4.3.4. Subsequent Revisions 149

4.4. The Universal Copyright Convention 149

4.5. Formalities in Subsequent Treaties 152

4.5.1. The Film Register Treaty 152

4.5.2. The TRIPS Agreement 153

4.5.3. The WIPO Copyright Treaty 154

4.6. Conclusion 155

Chapter 5 Contextualizing the International Prohibition on Copyright Formalities 159

5.1. The Scope of Application of the Prohibition on Formalities 161

5.1.1. The Territorial Scope of the Prohibition on Formalities 161

5.1.2. The Substantive Scope of the Prohibition on Formalities 164

5.1.2.1. Preliminary Observations 164

5.1.2.2. Subject Matter of Protection 168

5.1.2.3. Excl usi ve Rights 171

5.1.2.4. Duration of Protection 175

5.1.3. The Addressees of the Prohibition on Formalities 176

5.2. The Formalities to which the Prohibition Applies 177

5.2.1. The 'Conditions and Formalities' in the 1886 Text 179

5.2.1.1. Formalities ('Conditions Formelles') 180

5.2.1.2. Conditions ('Conditions Matérieiles') 180

5.2.1.3. Some Explicit Exceptions 183

5.2.2. The 'Formalities' in the 1908 and Current Texts 184

5.2.2.1. The Need for Adjustment of Terminology 184

5.2.2.2. The German Proposition 186

5.2.2.3. The Interpretation of the Word 'Formalities' in Practice 187

5.2.2.4. Examples of 'Conditions' Excluded from the Prohibition 188

5.2.3. Conclusion 192

5.3. Formalities as to the Enjoyment and the Exercise of Copyright 193

5.3.1. Formalities as to the ' Enjoyment' of Copyright 194

5.3.1.1. The Coming Into Existence of Copyright 195

5.3.1.2. The Maintenance of Copyright 199

5.3.2. Formalities as to the 'Exercise' of Copyright 200

5.3.2.1. The Enforcement of Copyright 201

5.3.2.2. The Transfer of Copyright 203

5.3.2.3. The Management of Copyright 206

5.4. Conclusion 211

Chapter 6 Relativizing the Legal-Theoretical Concerns with Copyright Formalities 215

6.1. Introduction to the Concept of Copyright as a Natural Right 216

6.2. The Property Rights Theory of Copyright 219

6.2.1. The Philosophical Foundation of Property 219

6.2.1.1. The Lockean Labour Theory of Property 221

6.2.1.2. The Regulation of Property in the Civil Society 223

6.2.1.3. Property by Labour in the Civil Society 225

6.2.1.4. Conclusion 227

6.2.2. The Idea of Copyright as a Natural Property Right 228

6.2.2.1. The Recognition of Property in Intellectual Works 229

6.2.2.2. The Disentanglement of Copyright and Formalities 235

6.2.3. The Regulation of Private Property Rights 238

6.2.3.1. The Codification of Natural Property Rights 239

6.2.3.2. Justifications for Limiting Private Property 241

6.2.3.3. Formalities Associated With Property Rights 244

6.3. The Personality Rights Theory of Copyright 247

6.3.1. The Philosophical Foundation of Personality Rights 247

6.3.1.1. Kant's 'On the Injustice of Reprinting Books' 248

6.3.1.2. Fichte's 'Proof of the Illegality of Reprinting' 251

6.3.1.3. Hegel's 'Elements of the Philosophy of right' 253

6.3.2. The Idea of Copyright as a Right of Personality 258

6.3.2.1. The Recognition of a Copyright Deriving From Personality 259

6.3.2.2. The Disentanglement of Copyright and Formalities 261

6.3.3. The Regulation of Other Personality-Related Rights 263

6.3.3.1. The Codification of Personality-Related Rights 264

6.3.3.2. The Natural Inherent Limitations of Personal Liberties 265

6.3.3.3. Formalities Associated With Personality Rights 267

6.4. The Idea of Copyright as a Fundamental Right 268

6.4.1. The Fundamental Right to Protection of Creations of the Mind 270

6.4.2. The Fundamental Right of Property 272

6.4.2.1. Formalities Establishing Title Conditions 273

6.4.2.2. Formalities Affecting the Exercise of Rights 275

6.4.2.3. Formalities Affecting the Enforcement of Rights 277

6.4.2.4. Formalities Affecting Pre-Existing Rights 279

6.4.3. The Fundamental Rights Related to Personality 280

6.5. Evaluation and Assessment 283

Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusion 285

7.1. Formalities and Their Possible Role in Copyright Law 286

7.2. Copyright Formalities and Their Abolition in Historical Context 287

7.3. Reintroducing Formalities: An International Law Perspective 288

7.4. Reintroducing Formalities: A Legal-Theoretical Exposition 290

7.5. The Way Forward: Changing the Prohibition on Formalities? 291

7.6. Alternative Rules for Formalities at the International Level 292

7.7. Closing Remarks 294

Bibliography 297

Index 325