INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW ILIAS BANTEKASPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of International Criminal Law 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Sources of International Law and Individual Legal Personality 4

1.3 The International Criminalisation Process 8

1.4 Enforcement of International Criminal Law 12

1.5 State Criminality 16

1.6 International Criminal Law and Human Rights 19

1.7 The Principle of Legality 21

1.7.1 Specificity 21

1.7.2 Non-Retroactivity 23

1.7.3 Prohibition of Analogy 26

1.7.4 The Favor Rei Rule 27

1.8 Statutes of Limitation for International Crimes 28

1.9 Justificatory Bases for International Trials and the Quest for Legitimacy 29

1.10 Lawfare: International Law as a Weapon for the 'Weak' 32

Chapter 2 The Subjective and Objective Elements of International Crimes 35

2.1 General Principles of the Objective Element 35

2.2 General Principles of the Subjective Element 38

2.3 Intent or Dolus 40

2.4 Recklessness and Dolus Eventualis 43

2.5 Negligence 45

2.6 Special Intent 47

2.7 The Principle of Transferred Fault and of Mistaken Object 49

Chapter 3 Modes of Liability and Criminal Participation 51

3.1 The Legal Nature of Perpetration and Participation 51

3.2 Joint Criminal Enterprise 53

3.3 Commission through Another Person or Indirect Perpetration 59

3.4 Co-Perpetration 60

3.5 Conspiracy 63

3.6 Attempts 66

3.7 Aiding and Abetting 67

3.8 Ordering 70

3.9 Planning and Preparation 73

3.10 Instigation 74

3.11 International Corporate Criminal Liability 76

Chapter 4 The Law of Command Responsibility 79

4.1 The Legal Nature of Command Responsibility 79

4.2 The Superior-Subordinate Relationship 82

4.3 The Position of Civilian Commanders 86

4.4 The Mental Element 88

4.5 The Duty to Prevent or Punish 93

4.6 The Question of Successor Superior Responsibility 95

PART Ⅱ DEFENCES AND EXCUSES FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY 97

Chapter 5 Defences in International Criminal Law 99

5.1 Theoretical Underpinnings of Criminal Defences 99

5.2 Is there a Place for Domestic Defences in the ICC Statute? 102

5.3 Superior Orders 104

5.4 Duress and Necessity 108

5.5 Self-Defence 112

5.6 Intoxication 114

5.7 Mistake of Fact or Mistake of Law 115

5.8 Ignorance of Law 116

5.9 Mental Incapacity 119

5.10 Tu Quoque 121

Chapter 6 Immunities from Criminal Jurisdiction 122

6.1 General Conception of Immunity in International Law 122

6.2 Act of State Doctrine 125

6.3 Immunity from Criminal Jurisdiction 127

6.3.1 The Application of Functional and Personal Immunity in Practice 128

6.4 Diplomatic and Consular Immunities 131

6.5 Immunity from International Criminal Jurisdiction 133

PART Ⅲ SUBSTANTIVE CRIMES 135

Chapter 7 War Crimes and Grave Breaches 137

7.1 Grave Breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions 137

7.1.1 Classification of Armed Conflicts 140

7.1.2 Types of War Crimes in International Armed Conflicts 141

7.2 War Crimes against Protected Persons and of Property in the Hands of the Adversary 143

7.2.1 Wilful Killing 143

7.2.2 Torture as a War Crime 144

7.2.3 Inhuman and Cruel Treatment 145

7.2.4 Biological Experiments 146

7.2.5 Wilfully Causing Great Suffering or Serious Injury 147

7.2.6 Extensive Destruction and Appropriation of Property 148

7.2.7 Pillage 149

7.2.8 Compelling Prisoners of War or Protected Persons to Serve with the Hostile Power 150

7.2.9 Wilfully Depriving Protected Persons of Rights to Fair and Regular Trial 151

7.2.10 Unlawful Deportation or Transfer of Protected Persons 152

7.2.11 Transferring Own Population into Occupied Territory 153

7.2.12 Unlawful Confinement 154

7.2.13 Taking of Hostages 155

7.2.14 War Crime of Depriving the Nationals of the Hostile Party of Rights or Actions 156

7.2.15 Using, Conscripting or Enlisting Children 156

7.3 Sexual Crimes 159

7.3.1 Outrages upon Personal Dignity 159

7.3.2 Rape and Sexual Violence 160

7.3.3 Sexual Slavery 163

7.3.4 Enforced Prostitution 164

7.3.5 Forced Pregnancy 165

7.3.6 Enforced Sterilisation 165

7.4 Prohibited Targeting Crimes 166

7.5 War Crimes against Combatants and Hors de Combat 173

7.6 War Crimes related to the Use of Illegal or Prohibited Weapons 175

7.7 Violations of the Laws or Customs of War in Internal Armed Conflicts 178

7.7.1 Specific Internal Armed Conflict War Crimes 181

7.7.2 The War Crime of Inflicting Collective Punishments 183

Chapter 8 Crimes Against Humanity 185

8.1 Origins of the Concept 185

8.2 The Fundamental Elements of the Offence and the Meaning of 'Attack' 188

8.2.1 The Underlying Offences 190

8.3 The Widespread or Systematic Element 196

8.4 The Nature of the Targeted 'Civilian Population' 198

8.5 The Subjective Element 200

8.6 Crimes Against Humanity in the ICC Statute 201

Chapter 9 The Crime of Genocide 203

9.1 Early Perceptions and the Duties of States to Prevent and Punish Genocide 203

9.2 Destruction of the Group 'in Whole or in Part' 206

9.3 The Specific Intent {Dolus Specialis) Required for Genocide 208

9.4 Membership of the Targeted Group 212

9.5 Acts Constituting Genocide 215

9.6 The Problematic Nature of Aiding and Abetting Genocide 217

9.7 Incitement to Commit Genocide 219

Chapter 10 Offences Against the Person 222

10.1 Introduction 222

10.2 Slavery and Related Practices 222

10.2.1 The Slave Trade and Similar Institutions 224

10.3 Torture as a Crime under International Law 230

10.3.1 Defining Torture 231

10.3.2 The 'Public Official' Requirement of Torture 234

10.4 Apartheid 235

10.5 Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances 237

Chapter 11 Transnational Crimes 240

11.1 Introduction 240

11.2 Transnational Organised Crime 241

11.2.1 Additional CATOC Protocols: Migrant Smuggling and Illicit Traffic in Firearms 244

11.3 Money Laundering 246

11.4 Drug-Trafficking as a Crime under International Law 249

11.5 Bribery of Foreign Public Officials 252

11.6 International Postal Offences 257

Chapter 12 Terrorism 260

12.1 Introduction 260

12.2 The Thematic Evolution of Terrorism in International Law 263

12.3 The Specialised Anti-Terrorist Conventions 264

12.3.1 Offences Against Civil Aviation 264

12.3.2 Hostage Taking and Attacks Against Internationally Protected Persons 270

12.3.3 Terrorist Bombings and Nuclear Terrorism 272

12.3.4 Terrorist Financing and Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) 275

12.4 State-Sponsored Terrorism 279

12.5 Terrorism and National Liberation Movements 281

12.6 Organised Crime and its Relation to Terrorism 284

Chapter 13 The Crime of Aggression 287

13.1 Introduction 287

13.2 Aggression under Customary Law 288

13.3 Aggression in the ICC Statute 291

Chapter 14 International Criminal Law of the Sea 295

14.1 Brief Introduction to the Law of the Sea 295

14.2 Piracy Jure Gentium 297

14.2.1 Definition of Piracy under International Law and its Difference from Armed Robbery at Sea 298

14.2.2 Mutiny and other Violence against Ships not amounting to Piracy 302

14.2.3 Mechanisms for the Prevention and Eradication of Piracy 303

14.3 Maritime Terrorism 305

14.4 Offences Against Submarine Cables and Pipelines 307

14.5 Unauthorised Broadcasting from the High Seas 310

14.6 Ship-Source Pollution 312

14.7 Criminal Liability for Fisheries-related Violations on the High Seas 314

14.8 Enforcement on the High Seas 316

14.9 The Right of Hot Pursuit 321

14.9.1 Commencement and Continuous Nature of Hot Pursuit 323

14.9.2 The Doctrine of Constructive Presence 324

PART Ⅳ ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 327

Chapter 15 The Exercise of Criminal Jurisdiction 329

15.1 International Law Principles on Criminal Jurisdiction 329

15.2 Territorial Jurisdiction 332

15.2.1 Subjective Territoriality 333

15.2.2 Objective Territoriality 335

15.2.3 The Ambit of National Territory 336

15.3 The Active Personality Principle 338

15.4 The Passive Personality Principle 340

15.5 The Protective Principle 342

15.6 Universal Jurisdiction 344

15.7 Jurisdiction with Respect to Crimes Against Civil Aviation 349

15.8 Foreign and Multinational Armed Forces Abroad 350

15.9 International Criminal Jurisdiction 352

Chapter 16 International Cooperation in Criminal Matters 355

16.1 Introduction 355

16.2 Mutual Legal Assistance Stricto Sensu 355

16.3 Informal Assistance Arrangements 361

16.4 Recognition of Foreign Penal Judgments: The Principle of Mutual Recognition 362

16.5 International Prisoner Transfers 363

16.6 Horizontal and Vertical Cooperation between States and International Organisations 366

16.6.1 Cooperation under the ICTY/ICTR Regime 367

16.6.2 The Vertical Regime of the ICC 370

16.6.3 Cooperation under the Statutes of Hybrid Tribunals 372

16.7 International Tribunal Requests to International Organisations and Preservation of Confidentiality 372

16.8 Extradition 373

16.8.1 Human Rights and Diplomatic Assurances 376

16.8.2 The Principle of 'Either Prosecute or Extradite' 378

16.8.3 The European Arrest Warrant 379

16.9 The Effects of Extraterritorial Abduction and Illegal Rendition on Criminal Proceedings 380

Chapter 17 The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Justice 384

17.1 The Historical Origins of International Criminality 384

17.2 The Background to the Establishment of the International Military Tribunals 388

17.2.1 The Law and Jurisdiction of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg 389

17.3 The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) 397

17.4 The International Law Commission's Role in the Post-Nuremberg Era 400

Chapter 18 The International Criminal Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda 403

18.1 Introduction 403

18.2 Formative Years of the Ad Hoc Tribunals 406

18.3 Jurisdiction of the ICTY and ICTR 412

18.4 Enforcement Capacity of the Tribunals 414

18.5 Rights of the Accused and Abuse of Process 417

18.6 Dissolution of the Tribunals and their Completion Strategy 421

Chapter 19 The Permanent International Criminal Court 423

19.1 Introduction 423

19.2 Jurisdiction and the ICC Triggering Mechanism 426

19.3 The Principle of Complementarity and Security Council Referrals 429

19.4 Deferrals by the Security Council and Deferrals in 'the Interests of Justice' 432

19.5 Subject Matter Jurisdiction 435

19.6 International Cooperation and Judicial Assistance 436

19.7 Impunity Agreements in Contravention of Article 98 ICC Statute 439

19.8 Reservations and Amendments to the Statute 440

19.9 Reparation of Victims and the ICC Trust Fund 441

Chapter 20 Internationalised Domestic Criminal Tribunals, Truth Commissions and Amnesties 444

20.1 Introduction 444

20.2 The Sierra Leone Special Court 445

20.2.1 The Fate of Amnesties and Immunities 448

20.3 The East Timor Special Panels 450

20.4 UNMIK and the Kosovar Judicial System 453

20.5 The Cambodian Extraordinary Chambers 455

20.6 The Iraqi Special Tribunal for Crimes Against Humanity 458

20.7 Terrorist-related Tribunals 461

20.7.1 The Lockerbie Tribunal 461

20.7.2 The Special Tribunal for Lebanon 464

20.8 National Truth Commissions and Amnesties 467

PART Ⅴ EVIDENCE AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 471

Chapter 21 Evidence before International Criminal Courts and Tribunals&By Caroline Buisman 473

21.1 Introduction 473

21.2 General Evidentiary Principles 477

21.3 Admissibility 480

21.3.1 Rules and Principles of Admissibility 480

21.3.2 Relevant Definitions of Rule 89(C) Terminology 483

21.3.2.1 Relevance 483

21.3.2.2 Probative Value 484

21.3.2.3 Probative Value Versus Prejudice 485

21.3.2.4 Reliability 486

21.4 Principle of Orality 487

21.4.1 Admissibility of Written Statements in lieu of Oral Testimony 491

21.4.2 Further Steps to Admit Written Statements in lieu of Oral Testimony 494

21.4.3 Prior Inconsistent Statements 498

21.4.4 Admissibility of Suspect Interviews 500

21.4.5 Admissibility of Suspect Interviews Against a Co-Accused 500

21.5 Documentary Evidence 503

21.6 Hearsay Evidence 508

21.7 The Investigator's Report 512

21.8 Expert Evidence 514

21.9 Character Evidence 522

21.10 Exclusion of Improperly Obtained Evidence 524

21.11 Determination of Weight of Evidence 531

21.11.1 General Principles 531

21.11.2 Corroboration 534

21.11.3 Documentary Evidence 536

21.11.4 Hearsay Evidence 538

21.11.5 Viva Voce Testimony 540

21.11.6 Prior Statements 543

21.11.7 Expert Evidence 544

21.12 Free System of Proof 545

Chapter 22 The Status of Victims in International Criminal Law and Criminal Proceedings 548

22.1 The Legal Protection of Victims in International Law 548

22.2 The Physical Protection of Victims of International Crimes 550

22.2.1 'Victims' of No Crimes at All! 553

22.3 Forms of Reparation 556

22.4 Victim Participation in International Criminal Proceedings 557

22.4.1 The ICC 558

22.4.2 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) 561

Index 565