INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL LAW UNITY WITHIN DIVERSITY FIFTH REVISED EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Chapter One Introduction 1

Ⅰ.International institutional law 1

A.A classic theme： interdependence and state sovereignty 1

B.Objectives 6

1.To describe and analyze international institutional law 7

2.To contribute to improvements in practice 12

3.To contribute to a better understanding of international institutional law 13

a.Legal research into the law of international organizations 13

b.Constitutionalism 13

c.Global administrative law 13

d.Political science and international organizations 14

e.Virally and the concept of ‘function’ 15

C.Unity within diversity？ 22

D.Method 26

Ⅱ.Definition 29

A.International cooperation， international organizations，（con）federations 29

B.A definition： three elements 32

1.International agreement 34

2.At least one organ with a will of its own 44

3.Established under international law 45

C.International organizations， international corporations， Non-Governmental Organizations 46

Ⅲ.Classification 48

A.Criteria for classification 48

B.Universal versus closed organizations 51

1.Universal organizations 51

2.Closed organizations 53

C.Intergovernmental versus supranational organizations 58

1.Intergovernmental organizations 58

2.Supranational organizations 60

D.Special versus general organizations 63

1.Special organizations 63

2.General organizations 64

Ⅳ.Conclusion 65

Chapter Two Participants 71

Ⅰ.Full members 71

A.Subjects of membership 71

1.States 71

2.Territories which are not independent states 75

3.Groups of states 79

4.International organizations 81

B.Commencement of membership 85

1.Establishment of the organization 85

2.Re-admission of ex-members 87

3.Admission of new members 88

a.Admission by constitutional amendment 88

b.Conditions imposed by the constitution 90

4.Acceptance of membership 100

5.Date of commencement of membership 102

6.Establishment of new states 103

C.Termination of membership 118

1.Withdrawal by the member 119

a.Constitutional provisions 120

b.Withdrawal without constitutional provision 123

（i） Interpretative declarations 123

（ii） Practical experience 125

（iii） Legality 134

c.Partial withdrawal 136

2.Expulsion from the organization 137

a.The notion ‘expulsion 138

（i） Expulsion versus suspension 139

（ii） Expulsion as a sanction 140

（iii） Expulsion to protect the organization 141

b.Constitutional provisions 143

c.Expulsion without constitutional provision 146

3.Disappearance of the member or loss of essential qualifications 149

4.Dissolution of the organization 154

D.Rights and obligations of full members 155

1.Individual rights and obligations 156

2.Collective rights and obligations 162

Ⅱ.Associate members 166

Ⅲ.Partial members 169

Ⅳ.Affiliate members 172

Ⅴ.Observers 173

A.General 173

B.Categories of observers 179

1.Non-member states and entities 180

2.National liberation movements 182

3.Public international organizations 185

4.Private organizations 188

5.Individuals and private companies 196

Ⅵ.Concluding observations 198

Chapter Three Rules for International Organs 206

Ⅰ.Powers 206

A.Attribution of powers 206

1.General 206

2.Attribution of powers to the organization 209

3.The concept of domestic jurisdiction 211

4.Attribution of powers to organs of the organization 217

B.Delegation of powers 224

C.Sacrifice of powers 231

D.Implied powers 232

Ⅱ.Composition of organs 237

A.Size 237

B.Representation of members 238

1.Representation by a delegation 239

a.Denomination 239

b.Instructions 240

c.Size of delegations 242

d.Composition of delegations 243

（i） Governmental delegates 243

（ii） Delegates representing specific interests 250

（iii） Delegates from national parliaments 251

（iv） Foreign delegates 253

（v） Multinational delegations 254

e.Obligation to send a delegation 255

f.Credentials 256

2.Representation by proxy 264

C.Use of individual experts 267

D.Use of civil servants 275

E.Equitable representation of interests 276

1.Equitable geographical representation 276

a.Need for regional representation 276

b.Composition of regions 277

2.Equitable representation of specific interests 280

3.Means of strengthening representation 282

F.Election of non-plenary organs 285

1.Election by the entire organization 286

2.Election by the region or group concerned 289

3.Election or rotation？ 295

4.Co-option 296

5.Term of office 297

6.Dates of replacement 299

G.Quorum 302

Ⅲ.Functioning 306

A.Sessions 306

1.Characteristics 306

2.Frequency and duration 309

3.Specialized sessions 312

4.Costs 313

5.Place 317

6.Public and private meetings， publicity and transparancy 321

7.Documentation 322

8.Privileges and immunities at sessions 323

a.Definition 323

b.Why are privileges and immunities granted to international organizations？ 324

c.Instruments laying down privileges and immunities 325

d.Subjects of privileges and immunities 326

（i） Individual experts 326

（ii） Delegates of members 327

（iii） Delegates of non-members 332

（iv） Delegates of other public international organizations 333

（v） Delegates of private international organizations and individuals 334

9.Procedure 337

a.Agenda 338

b.General debate 340

c.Discussion of agenda items 342

d.Statements of delegations 343

e.Limits to freedom of speech 346

f.Procedural motions 349

B.Officers 354

1.Chairman 354

a.Appointment 354

b.Powers and obligations 361

2.Vice-presidents and bureau 365

3.Rapporteurs 366

C.Languages 367

Ⅳ.Concluding observations 376

Chapter Four Policy-Making and Administrative Organs 384

Ⅰ.Classifying international organs 384

Ⅱ.Policy-making organs 389

A.Plenary policy-making organs 390

1.General congress or council of ministers 390

a.Denomination 390

b.Task 391

2.Junior congress 393

3.Specialized congresses 396

4.Plenary commissions 400

a.Congressional commissions 401

b.Plenary functional commissions 404

B.Non-plenary policy-making organs 406

1.The need for non-plenary policy-making organs 406

2.The board 409

a.Executive board 410

（i） Task 410

（ii） Composition 412

b.Governing board 415

（i） Task 415

（ii） Composition 418

3.Commissions and committees 421

a.Functional commissions 422

b.Consultative commissions of interest groups 424

c.Ad hoc advisory commissions 426

d.Procedural committees 427

e.Regional commissions and regional groups 428

4.President of the organization 432

Ⅲ.Secretariat 434

A.Description 434

B.Tasks and influence of the secretariat 439

1.Functions 442

a.Administrative and clerical functions 442

b.Budget 443

c.Information 444

d.Recording 445

e.Collection of reports from member states 446

f.Collection of information from member states 447

g.Coordination 448

h.Representation of the organization 450

i.Assistance to members 454

j.Observation of elections 456

k.Depositary of treaties 457

l.Executive functions 459

m.Right of initiative 461

n.Good offices， inquiry， mediation， conciliation， arbitration 462

o.Performance of instructions 464

2.Power and accountability 465

3.Delegation of tasks； outside experts 466

C.Seat 469

1.Requirements 469

2.Centralization 478

3.Decentralization： regional offices 489

D.International civil servants 491

1.Appointment 492

2.Number of international civil servants 496

3.Qualifications 498

4.Geographic distribution 500

5.Conditions of employment 506

a.Grades 508

b.Remuneration 511

c.Pension and social security 515

d.Obligations 516

e.Permanent or temporary employment 518

f.Internships 523

6.Independence 524

a.Relation with the national governments 525

b.Privileges 529

（i） Exemption from taxation 530

（ii） Other privileges 533

c.Immunity from jurisdiction 534

（i） Immunity for official acts 534

（ii） Immunity for other acts 535

（iii） Waiver of immunity 536

7.The safety of personnel 538

8.Legal position 539

a.Law governing the service 539

b.Legal protection 542

Ⅳ.The European Commission 547

A.Task 547

B.Composition 550

Ⅴ.Concluding observations 551

Chapter Five Advisory and Supervisory Organs 558

Ⅰ.Parliamentary organs 558

A.Need for parliamentary organs 558

B.International organizations with parliamentary organs 564

C.Composition of parliamentary organs 568

1.Size 568

2.Election of members 570

3.Parties 574

D.Tasks of parliamentary organs 576

1.Control over the executive 576

2.Control over the budget 582

3.Advisory functions 584

a.Advising national parliaments 585

b.Advising international organs 587

c.Participation in decision-making and in legislation 589

E.Functioning of parliamentary organs 594

Ⅱ.Judicial organs 597

A.The need for judicial organs 597

1.Control of the legality of decisions 599

2.Administrative jurisdiction over staff members 602

3.Control of the application of acts within the national legal orders 603

4.Private law 604

B.Existing judicial organs 605

1.Universal judicial organs 605

a.The International Court of Justice 605

b.Ad hoc tribunals on war crimes and the International Criminal Court 608

c.The Human Rights Committee 609

d.The Committee on Economic， Social and Cultural Rights 610

e.The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 611

f.The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 612

g.The Committee against Torture 613

h.The Committee on the Rights of the Child 614

i.The Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families 615

j.The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 615

k.The Committee on Enforced Disappearances 615

l.The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 616

2.Regional judicial organs 617

a.The Court of Justice and the European Union 618

b.Benelux Court of Justice 622

c.The EFTA Court of Justice 623

d.The Andean Court of Justice 624

e.The European Court of Human Rights 625

f.American organs for human rights 629

g.African Commission on Human and People’s Rights， African Human Rights Court， and the African Court of Justice and Human Rights 630

h.Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine 631

i.Other river commissions 632

j.European Tribunal on State Immunity 633

k.Tribunal of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 634

l.Tribunal of WEU 635

m.Tribunal of International Composition in the Saar 636

n.Central American Court of Justice 637

o.Judicial Commission of the OAPEC 638

p.East African Court of Justice 639

q.ECOWAS Community Court of Justice 640

r.Court of Justice of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 641

s.Tribunal of the South African Development Community 641

t.Caribbean Court of Justice 641

u.MERCOSUR Permanent Review Tribunal 641

3.Staff administrative tribunals 642

a.The UN Dispute and Appeals Tribunals 642

b.The ILO Administrative Tribunal （ILOAT） 643

c.The World Bank Administrative Tribunal 645

d.The Administrative Tribunal of the International Monetary Fund 646

e.Regional administrative tribunals 647

4.Arbitration， conciliation， mediation and fact-finding commissions 648

5.Other bodies 670

C.Composition of judicial organs 672

1.Number of members 672

2.Nationality of the members 675

3.Qualifications 679

4.Appointment 680

5.Independence of judges 683

6.Advocates-General 684

7.Registrar’s office 685

D.Procedure before judicial organs 686

1.Access to the court 687

a.Plaintiff 688

b.Defendant 692

2.Decision 693

a.Judgment 693

b.Other decisions 694

3.Separate opinions 695

Ⅲ.Concluding observations 700

Chapter Six Decision-Making Process 706

Ⅰ.The concept of a decision 706

Ⅱ.Legal basis 708

Ⅲ.Initiative 710

A.Necessity for initiatives 710

B.Initiatives by governments 711

C.Initiatives by organs of the organization 712

1.Secretariat 712

2.Organs of independent experts 715

D.Initiatives by other international organizations 719

E.Initiatives by interest groups 720

F.Initiatives by individuals 721

Ⅳ.Drafting of the text 725

A.Preparation of proposals 725

1.Submission 725

2.The draft 727

3.Two examples 729

a.Law-making in the UN 730

b.Decision-making and legislation in the European Union 739

B.Discussion of proposals 747

1.Date of submission 747

2.Sponsors 750

3.Amendments 752

4.Time-limits， marathon sessions 753

5.Package deals 756

6.Informal consultation， pressure 760

7.Caucuses 763

8.Negotiating groups 766

9.Withdrawal of proposals and amendments 768

10.Financial implications of resolutions 769

11.Closure of discussions 770

Ⅴ.Decision-making by consensus 771

A.Introduction 771

B.Some examples 773

C.Explaining the decline of majority voting and the rise of consensus 781

Ⅵ.Voting 787

A.Unanimity 787

1.Organizations requiring unanimity 788

2.Exceptions to unanimity 789

B.Voting power 791

1.Equality of voting power 791

2.Inequality of voting power 794

a.Permanent seats and weighted representation 795

b.Weighted voting 795

（i） Desirability 795

（ii） Some examples 799

c.Veto 813

C.Required majority 817

1.Kinds of majorities 817

2.Calculation of majorities 820

a.Majority of membership 821

b.Majority of the votes 823

c.Abstention 824

d.Non-participation in the vote （or in a consensus） 830

e.Absence 831

f.Invalid vote 837

3.Unqualified majority 838

a.Voting between two alternatives 838

b.Voting between several alternatives 842

c.Multiple elections 849

4.Qualified majority 851

a.Two-thirds majority 851

b.Other qualified majorities 855

5.Qualified minorities 856

6.Factors influencing the majority to be preferred 857

a.The need for a decision 858

b.The effect of the decision 861

c.Structure and procedures of the decision-making organ 863

D.Methods of voting 868

1.Simultaneous open voting 869

2.Roll-call or recorded vote 871

3.Secret vote 873

4.Vote by correspondence 876

5.Alteration of votes cast 882

E.Conditional voting 884

Ⅶ.Entry into force of decisions 888

A.Immediate entry into force 888

B.Previous agreement of other organs 889

C.Previous agreement of member states 892

Ⅷ.Termination of decisions 897

A.Amendment and revocation 898

1.Amendment 898

2.Revocation 905

3.Withdrawal 907

B.Termination of membership 908

C.Dissolution of the organization 910

D.Political annulment 911

E.Judicial annulment 912

1.Possibility of annulment 912

2.Initiative for judicial annulment 914

3.Grounds of illegality 915

Ⅸ.Concluding observations 917

Chapter Seven Financing 928

Ⅰ.Expenditure 928

A.Total expenditure 928

B.Classification of costs 931

1.Methods of classification 931

a.Budgeting according to instrument or to activity 931

b.Administrative or operational expenditure 938

2.Fields of activity： some examples 942

a.General overview 943

b.Development assistance； “economic and social cohesion” 945

c.Peace operations 951

3.Instruments 955

a.Personnel 956

b.Sessions of the organs of the organization 957

c.Buildings 960

d.Equipment 963

e.General expenses 964

Ⅱ.Income 965

A.Contributions 966

1.Contributors 966

2.The sharing of expenditure 967

a.Equal contributions 967

b.Optional classes of contribution 969

c.Scales of assessment 974

（i） Capacity to pay 976

（ii） Interest in the work of the organization and other factors 980

（iii） Flexibility of scales 986

3.Limits to contributions of members 992

a.Minimum contribution 992

b.Maximum contribution 993

c.Maximum expenditure 1001

d.Special rates 1002

4.The organs involved 1005

5.Currencies of contributions 1006

6.Defaults in payment 1010

a.Refusal to pay 1010

b.Incentives to pay 1014

c.Filling the gap： working capital funds 1017

7.Table of contributions 1021

B.Voluntary contributions 1022

1.The principle of voluntary contributions 1022

2.Existing systems of voluntary contributions 1026

3.Trust funds 1029

4.International organizations contributing to voluntary programmes 1032

5.Voluntary contributions from non-members 1033

6.Raising voluntary contributions 1034

a.Pledging 1034

b.Collection of voluntary contributions 1037

C.Gifts 1040

1.Gifts that benefit the budget of the organization 1040

2.Gifts for specific programmes 1043

3.Acceptance of gifts 1049

D.Self-support 1050

1.Income from services rendered to states 1051

a.Retributions 1051

b.Requested services 1053

c.Cost sharing for specific projects 1056

d.Special payment by the states responsible for the expense 1057

2.Income from services rendered to individuals 1058

3.Income from services rendered to other international organizations 1062

4.Income from investments and borrowing 1064

5.Income from staff assessment 1070

6.“Book-keeping” income 1073

E.Taxation 1074

1.Definition of taxation 1074

2.Conditions for international taxation 1075

3.Existing systems of taxation 1081

Ⅲ.Budget 1091

A.Use of the budget 1091

1.Purpose 1091

2.One budget？ 1094

3.Structure 1097

4.Explanatory memorandum 1100

5.Budgetary periods 1101

6.Medium-term financial plans / strategic frameworks 1103

B.Preparation 1105

1.Regular estimates 1105

2.Revised estimates 1108

C.Adoption and execution 1109

1.The decision establishing the budget 1109

2.Power of the organ adopting the budget 1111

3.Execution and supplementary estimates 1121

4.Budgetary surpluses 1122

D.Audit 1123

1.Internal audit 1123

2.External audit 1125

Ⅳ.Concluding observations 1131

Chapter Eight Legal Order 1139

Ⅰ.Introduction 1139

Ⅱ.Constitution 1145

A.Legal force 1146

B.Characteristics 1147

1.Creation of a legal person 1148

2.Limitation on reservations 1150

3.Withdrawal 1154

4.Tacit renewal 1155

C.Amendment of the constitution 1157

1.Necessity for amendments 1157

2.Constitutional requirements for amendments 1163

a.Legal character of constitutional provisions on amendment 1163

b.Existing constitutional requirements 1165

（i） Temporary exclusion of amendments 1166

（ii） Amendment requiring the cooperation of organs in addition to unanimity of the members 1168

（iii） Amendment by unanimous approval of the members 1169

（iv） Amendment by qualified majority of the members 1173

（v） Amendment by decision 1178

（vi） Amendments without general application 1187

3.Amendment procedure 1189

a.Competent organ 1189

b.Right of initiative 1190

c.Time limits 1191

d.Provisional application 1192

e.Amendments creating new obligations 1193

f.Entry into force of amendments 1194

4.Revision 1195

Ⅲ.Decisions of the organization 1196

A.Internal rules 1196

1.Rules concerning the functioning of the organization 1201

2.Internal rules with external effect 1206

a.Possibility of external effect 1206

b.Operational activities 1208

c.Competence to engage in operational activities 1210

B.External rules 1216

1.Recommendations 1217

a.The notion “recommendation” 1217

b.Factors which strengthen recommendations 1220

（i） Constitutional provisions 1221

（ii） Structure of the organization 1223

（iii） The method of enactment 1224

（iv） Formal acceptance 1231

（v） The need for a rule 1233

（vi） The application by others 1237

（vii） The moral or legitimizing effect 1238

（viii） Restatement 1240

c.Internal effects of recommendations 1241

2.Declarations 1244

a.The notion “declaration” 1244

b.Legal effect 1248

3.Conventions 1262

a.The notion “convention” 1262

（i） Denomination 1262

（ii） Special forms of conventions 1263

（iii） Characteristics 1266

b.Competence to make conventions 1271

c.Legal force before ratification 1276

d.Ratification 1281

（i） The requirement of ratification 1281

（ii） Pressure to ratify 1282

（iii） Negative acceptance （contracting out， tacit acceptance） 1288

（iv） Provisional application 1295

e.Legal effect after ratification 1297

f.Possible parties to conventions 1298

（i） Members 1298

（ii） Non-members 1300

（iii） Other international organizations 1305

g.Final clauses 1306

h.Amendment 1311

4.Binding rules 1318

a.Denomination 1322

b.Types of binding decisions 1323

（i） Decisions addressed to governments 1323

（ii） Decisions addressed to individuals 1330

（iii） General regulations 1332

Ⅳ.Other elements of the legal order 1335

A.International law 1335

B.General principles of law 1336

C.Customary law 1339

Ⅴ.Concluding observations 1340

Chapter Nine Interpretation and Settlement of Disputes 1346

Ⅰ.Means of interpretation 1346

A.The text； practice of the organization 1347

B.The intention of the law-maker 1348

C.The object and purpose of the rule concerned 1349

D.Other issues relevant for the means of interpretation 1350

Ⅱ.Authorities charged with interpretation 1351

A.Interpretation by the members 1351

1.National executives 1351

2.National courts 1352

B.Interpretation by organs of the organization 1355

1.Policy-making organs 1355

2.Judicial organs 1363

a.Judgments 1364

b.Advisory opinions 1366

c.Preliminary rulings 1374

Ⅲ.Competence to request interpretation 1379

A.Organs of the organization 1379

B.Members of the organization 1380

C.Private persons 1384

D.National courts 1385

Ⅳ.Concluding observations 1387

Chapter Ten Supervision and Sanctions 1392

Ⅰ.Definitions 1392

A.Internal supervision 1392

B.External supervision 1395

Ⅱ.Supervision of the implementation of rules 1399

A.Supervision by other members acting on their own account 1400

B.Supervision by or on behalf of the organization 1402

1.Supervision based on reports of the members 1402

2.Supervision based on information collected by the organization 1406

3.Supervision based on inspection 1414

a.Continuing supervision 1415

b.Retrospective fact-finding 1424

C.Supervision by individuals 1428

1.Petitions 1429

2.Court proceedings 1435

3.National committees 1436

4.Effect 1437

Ⅲ.Official recognition of violations 1439

Ⅳ.Waiver of obligations 1444

Ⅴ.Sanctions 1445

A.Sanctions by the other members 1449

B.Sanctions （authorized） by the organization 1450

1.The possibili of imposing sanctions 1450

2.Suspension of voting rights 1455

3.Suspension of representation 1461

4.Suspension of services of the organization 1463

5.Suspension of rights and privileges of membership 1466

6.Expulsion from specific organs 1470

7.Expulsion from the organization 1475

8.Sanctions through other organizations 1476

9.Economic sanctions 1478

10.Forces of international organizations and military enforcement 1487

11.Other sanctions 1513

C.Enforcement within the national legal order 1518

1.Enforcement through national parliaments 1521

2.Enforcement through national courts 1522

a.Should national courts apply rules of international law？ 1522

（i） Monist and dualist theories 1522

（ii） Application of constitutional provisions 1538

（iii） Application of international decisions 1541

b.Initiative for decisions of national courts 1545

D.Sanctions against individuals 1549

Ⅵ.Concluding observations 1553

Chapter Eleven Legal Status 1562

Ⅰ.Status in international law 1562

A.Personality of international organizations in international law 1562

B.Application of international law 1572

1.General principles of law 1575

2.Treaty law 1577

3.Customary law 1579

4.Decisions of other international organizations 1580

C.Responsibility and liability under international law 1582

Ⅱ.Status in national law 1591

A.Personality of international organizations in domestic law 1591

1.Personality in the law of member states 1591

a.Constitutional provisions 1591

b.Provisions in national law 1592

c.In the absence of express provisions 1594

2.Personality in the law of non-member states 1598

B.Application of domestic law 1599

1.Competence to make use of national laws 1599

2.The law to be applied 1601

3.Limits imposed by privileges 1606

4.Limits imposed by immunity om jurisdiction 1610

5.Liability under private law 1613

Ⅲ.Duration 1617

A.Establishment 1617

B.Dissolution of the organization 1623

1.Termination or succession 1623

2.Methods of dissolution 1629

a.Constitutional provisions 1629

b.Provisions in other treaties and implied succession 1632

c.Acts of the general congress 1637

d.Agreements with other international organizations 1639

e.Disuse 1640

f.Constitutional amendment 1641

g.Changed circumstances 1642

h.Denouncing membership 1643

i.Conclusion 1644

3.Consequences of dissolution 1645

a.Functions of the organization 1645

b.Legal acts of the organization 1648

（i） Recommendations and declarations 1650

（ii） Conventions 1651

（iii） Internal rules 1654

（iv） General regulations 1656

（v） Binding Decisions 1657

（vi） Agreements 1661

（vii） Contracts 1665

c.Personnel of the organization 1666

d.Property of the organization 1673

4.Conclusion 1680

Ⅳ.Concluding observations 1681

Chapter Twelve External Relations 1687

Ⅰ.Partners for external relations 1687

A.Relations with states 1687

1.Non-members 1687

2.Members 1688

3.Host states 1689

B.Relations with other international organizations 1691

1.“Families” of international organizations 1691

a.The “UN family” 1692

b.The European Union 1698

c.Inter-American organizations 1699

d.Other families 1701

2.Coordination 1702

a.The need for coordination 1702

b.Forms of coordination 1705

c.Coordination at the international level： by whom？ 1706

d.Coordination at the international level： how？ 1713

（i） Priority for the acts of one organization 1713

（ii） Delimitation of competences 1718

（iii） Common organs 1721

（iv） Joint sessions and meetings； joint programmes 1727

（v） Consultations 1728

（vi） Exchange of observers 1729

（vii） Reporting 1730

（viii） Planning 1732

（ix） Exchanges 1733

（x） Training 1738

e.Coordination at national level 1739

Ⅱ.Instruments of external relations 1742

A.Agreements 1743

1.The notion “agreement” 1744

2.Competence to conclude agreements 1748

a.The treaty-making capacity of international organizations 1748

b.Mixed agreements 1756

c.The competent organ 1763

3.The subject matter of agreements 1769

a.Agreements on the status of the organization and on relations with others 1770

b.Agreements on assistance to members 1771

c.Agreements concerning the organization’s field of operation 1772

d.Law-making agreements 1773

e.Establishment of new international organizations 1776

4.The legal force of agreements 1783

a.Legal character 1783

b.Validity 1784

c.Binding force 1787

5.The conclusion， entry into force and termination of agreements 1789

a.Negotiation and signature 1789

b.Ratification 1791

c.Entry into force 1794

d.Reservations 1795

e.Registration 1796

f.Termination 1799

B.Diplomatic relations 1801

1.The notion “diplomatic relations” 1801

2.Passive legation 1803

3.Active legation 1816

a.The right of active legation 1816

b.Permanent missions to members 1820

（i） Missions for development 1820

（ii） Missions for other purposes 1829

（iii） National committees 1831

c.Special missions to members 1832

d.Missions to non-members 1834

e.Missions to other international organizations 1840

f.Delegations to international conferences 1841

C.Recognition of other subjects of international law 1843

1.Recognition of states 1845

2.Recognition of governments 1851

3.Recognition of territorial sovereignty 1852

4.The competent organ 1853

5.“Passive” recognition 1855

D.Judicial actions and responsibility under public law 1856

1.Competence to bring and receive international claims 1856

2.The possibility to bring international claims to court 1859

E.Convening international conferences 1860

F.Issuing passports 1863

G.Depositary of treaties 1867

H.Registration of treaties 1868

I.Registration of ships and aircraft 1870

J.Flag， seal and emblem 1872

Ⅲ.Concluding observations 1875

Concluding Remarks 1884

Ⅰ.Introduction 1884

Ⅱ.The relationship between an international organization and its members 1885

Ⅲ.Diversity of the rules of international institutional law 1882

Ⅳ.Unity of the rules of international institutional law 1896

Ⅴ.Towards more centralized international law？ 1900

Index 1225