The law and organisation of international commodity agreementsPDF电子书下载

INTRODUCTION 1

1. Perspective 1

2. Scope 5

3. Approach 6

CHAPTER ONE PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY ORGANISATIONS 9

1.1 Introduction 9

1.1.1. Elements of International Commodity Agreements 9

1.1.2. Regulation 10

1.1.3. Operation 12

1.1.4. Organisation 13

1.2. Principles 15

1.2.1. Negotiation 15

1.2.1.1. Freedom of Commerce 15

1.2.1.2. Economic Sovereignty 17

1.2.1.2.1. Regulation of Exports 20

1.2.1.2.2. Prices 21

1.2.1.2.3. Research and Development 21

1.2.1.2.4. Producers'Associations 22

1.2.1.3. State Responsibility 23

1.2.1.3.1. Reasonable Price 24

1.2.1.3.2. Fair to Consumers 24

1.2.1.3.3. Co-operation from Importing Countries 25

1.2.1.4. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment 25

1.2.1.4.1. Pre-GATT Phase 25

1.2.1.4.2. Post-GATT Phase 31

1.2.2. Regulation 34

1.2.2.1. Equitable Treatment 34

1.2.2.2. Reciprocity 36

1.2.2.3. Economic Proportionality 37

1.2.2.4. Non-Discriminatory Treatment of Third Parties 38

1.2.2.5. Principle of Good Neighbourliness 39

1.2.3. Organisation 40

1.2.3.1. State Participation 40

1.2.3.2. Open Membership 41

1.2.3.3. Parity of Votes among Exporting and Importing Countries 42

1.2.3.4. Distributed Majority 42

1.2.3.5. Internal Settlement of Disputes 42

CHAPTER TWO DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY POLICY 52

2.1 The Anglo-Dutch Phase: National Interest 52

2.1.1. Rubber 53

2.1.2. Tin 53

2.1.3. United States'Response 54

2.1.4. Principles of Organisation 55

2.2. The League Phase: Global Emergency 55

2.2.1. Covenant of the League of Nations 55

2.2.2. Economic Rationalisation 56

2.2.3. World Monetary and Economic Conference 1933 57

2.2.3.1. Rationale 57

2.2.3.2. Principles 58

2.2.3.3. Commodities Discussed at the Conference 59

2.2.3.4. Application of the Principles 60

2.2.3.4.1. At the Conference 60

2.2.3.4.2. After the Conference 61

2.2.3.4.3. Agreements: Wheat and Sugar 61

2.2.3.4.4. Consumers' Representation 65

2.2.3.4.5. League of Nations Committee for the Study of the Problems of Raw Materials 65

2.3. The Havana Phase: Special Difficulties of Individual Commodities 66

2.3.1. Scope 67

2.3.2. Rationale 68

2.3.3. Principles 70

2.3.4. Practice 71

2.3.5. Evaluation 73

2.4.The UNCTAD Phase: ICAs Instruments of Economic Development 74

2.4.1. New International Economic Order: Integrated Programme 74

2.4.2. Salient Features 75

CHAPTER THREE INTERNATIONAL QUOTA SYSTEM 81

3.1. Introduction 81

3.2. Purposes and Objectives 83

PART I 87

3.3. Organisation of Instruments and Measures 87

3.3.1. Regulation of Exports 87

3.3.1.1. Basic Export Entitlements 87

3.3.1.2. Determination of Agreement Market 91

3.3.1.3. Allocation of Agreement Market 92

3.3.1.4. Maintenance of Agreement Market 93

3.3.1.4.1. Exports in Excess of Entitlement 93

3.3.1.4.2. Special Arrangements 95

3.3.1.4.3. Non-Commercial Exports 96

3.3.1.4.4. Imports from Non-Members 97

3.3.1.4.5. Production in Importing Countries 98

3.3.2. Regulation of Stocks 99

3.3.2.1. Maximum Stocks 99

3.3.2.2. Minimum Stocks 100

3.3.2.3. Special Stocks 100

3.3.2.4. International Stock 101

3.3.3. Regulation of Production 102

3.3.4. Measures related to Demand and Consumption 104

3.3.5. Adjustment of Prices 106

3.4. Operation of the Quota System 108

3.4.1. Price 108

3.4.1.1. Minimum Price 109

3.4.1.2. Maximum Price 112

3.4.1.3. Stabilisation of Prices 114

3.4.1.4. Increased Export Earnings 117

3.4.2. Access to Market 117

3.4.3. Assurance of Supplies 117

3.4.3.1. Defensive 118

3.4.3.2. Substantive 118

PART II 129

3.5. Working of Agreements 129

3.5.1. Sugar 129

3.5.1.1. Paris Convention 1864 130

3.5.1.2. Brussels Convention 1902 130

3.5.1.3. International Sugar Agreement 1937 133

3.5.1.4. Contemporary Sugar Agreements 137

3.5.2. Coffee 142

3.5.3. Cocoa 149

CHAPTER FOUR INTERNATIONAL STOCK SYSTEM 157

4.1. Introduction 157

4.2. Development 158

4.2.1. The Tin Pool Agreement 1931 158

4.2.2. Negotiation for a New Agreement 161

4.2.3. The Tin Buffer Stock Agreement 1934 163

4.2.4. The Tin Buffer Stock Agreement 1938 166

4.2.5. Summary 167

4.3. Contemporary Phase 168

4.3.1. Salient features 168

4.3.2. Organisation of Stock 169

4.3.2.1. Contribution 170

4.3.2.2. Size 170

4.3.2.3. Form 172

4.3.2.4. Functions 173

4.3.3. Export Control 175

4.3.4. Limitation on Stocks during Control Periods 178

4.3.5. Price Range and Adjustment 178

4.3.6. Disposal of non-commercial stocks by participating members 181

4.3.7. Measures to Deal with Tin Shortage 182

4.3.8. Supplies from Non-Members 183

4.3.8.1. USSR 183

4.3.8.2. USA 185

4.3.9. Working of ITA and Evaluation 189

4.3.9.1. ITA I: 1956-1961 189

4.3.9.2. ITA II: 1961-1966 191

4.3.9.3. ITA III: 1966-1971 191

4.3.9.4. ITA IV: 1971-1976 193

4.3.9.5. ITA V: 1976-1981 194

4.3.9.6. Evaluation 194

CHAPTER FIVE MULTILATERAL CONTRACT SYSTEM 211

5.1. Development 211

5.1.1. International Wheat Agreement 1933 213

5.1.2. The Washington Conference 1941-42 216

5.2. Multilateral Contract System 221

5.2.1. The 1949-1958 Phase 222

5.2.1.1. Principles 222

5.2.1.2. Administration 224

5.2.1.2.1. Price 224

5.2.1.2.2. Carrying Charges 225

5.2.1.2.3. Adjustment in Guaranteed Sales and Purchases 226

5.2.1.2.4. Recording of Transactions 227

5.2.1.3. The 1953 and 1956 Agreements 227

5.2.2. The 1959-1971 Phase 228

5.2.3. Evaluation 234

CHAPTER SIX NIEO INTEGRATED PROGRAMME FOR COMMODITIES: ELEMENTS NEGOTIATIONS AND PROSPECTS 245

6.1. New International Economic Order 245

6.1.1. Legal Significance 245

6.1.2. Integrated Programme for Commodities 249

6.1.2.1. Structure 250

6.1.2.2. Common Fund 254

6.1.2.2.1. Scope and Operation 256

6.1.2.2.1.1. International Stocks 256

6.1.2.2.1.2. Quasi-International Stocks 258

6.1.2.2.1.3. Research and Development 259

6.1.2.2.2. Resources 262

6.1.2.2.3. Organisation 263

6.1.2.2.4. Conclusions 265

6.1.3. IPC Negotiations 265

6.1.3.1. Food Commodities 266

6.1.3.1.1. Bananas 266

6.1.3.1.2. Meat 270

6.1.3.1.3. Tea 273

6.1.3.1.4. Vegetable Oils 276

6.1.3.1.4.1. International Olive Oil Agreement 1979 278

CHAPTER SEVEN INTEGRATED PROGRAMME FOR COMMODITIES: CONTINUED 289

7.1.3.2. Agricultural Raw Materials 289

7.1.3.2.1. Cotton and Cotton Yarns 289

7.1.3.2.2. Hard Fibres and Hard Fibre Products 293

7.1.3.2.3. Jute and Jute Products 300

7.1.3.2.4. Rubber 304

7.1.3.2.4.1. International Natural Rubber Agreement 1979 309

7.1.3.2.5. Tropical Timber 318

7.1.3.3. Metals and Minerals 321

7.1.3.3.1. Bauxite 321

7.1.3.3.2. Copper 323

7.1.3.3.3. Iron Ore 326

7.1.3.3.4. Manganese 328

7.1.3.3.5. Phosphate 329

7.1.4. Conclusions 331

CHAPTER EIGHT INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY ORGANISATION: TREATY AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 343

8.1. Treaty Aspects 343

8.1.1. Form 343

8.1.2. Coming into Force 344

8.1.3. Duration 347

8.1.4. Amendment 350

8.1.5. Reservation 351

8.2. Institutional Aspects 353

8.2.1. Membership 353

8.2.1.1. Governments 353

8.2.1.2. Group Membership 356

8.2.1.3. EEC and other Regional Organisations 357

8.2.2. Termination 359

8.2.2.1. By Decisions of Members 359

8.2.2.2. By Decisions of Commodity Organisation 361

8.2.3. Organs 362

8.2.3.1. The Council 363

8.2.3.2. Selective Organ 364

8.2.3.3. Administrative Organ 367

8.2.3.4. Budget 367

8.2.3.5. Privileges and Immunities 367

8.2.4. Decision-Making Process 371

8.2.5. Settlement of Disputes 373

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 387

BIBLIOGRAPHY 395

INDEX OF NAMES 401

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 403