Forty studies that changed criminal justicePDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ Police 1

Chapter 1 Police Behavior 5

Police Personality: Are Police Officers Different from the Rest of Us? 6

Police Styles: Why are there Differences in Police Behavior Across Communities? 13

Police Officer Socialization: Why are Police Officers Different from the Rest of Us? 23

Chapter 2 Police Discretion 31

Police Officers' Use of Discretion: What Influences Police Decision-Making? 32

The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment: Does Arrest Deter Crime? 40

Chapter 3 Police Operations 47

The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: Can the Police Prevent Crime and Make Us Feel Safe? 48

Police Response Time: How Important is it for the Police to Respond Quickly when we Call? 53

Patrol Staffing: Which is Better: One- or Two-Officer Patrol Units? 60

The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment: Should the Police Patrol in Cars or on Foot? 65

The Rand Study of Investigation: Do Detectives Really Solve Crimes? 73

Chapter 4 The Police Role 81

Problem-Oriented Policing: Can the Police Fix the Underlying Problems Responsible for Crime? 82

Broken Windows: Does Urban Blight Lead to Crime? 92

Chapter 5 Police Use Of Deadly Force 99

Deadly Force: What Explains the Variation in Police Shootings Across Departments? 100

Chapter 6 Female Police Officers 109

Female Police Officers: Do Female Officers Perform as Well as Male Officers? 110

PART Ⅱ Courts 121

Chapter 1 Preconviction Dispositions 124

Barriers to Pretrial Release: Are Suspects Punished Before Guilt is Determined? 125

Prosecutors' Use of Discretion in Decision-Making: Do Prosecutors Consider ExtraLegal Factors in their Decisions? 136

Chapter 2 The Guilty Plea Process 144

"Going Rate" Sentences for Defendants who Plead Guilty: How do Attorneys use the Penal Code in Case Processing? 145

The Defense Attorney's Role in Plea Bargaining: Are Defendants Pressured by their Own Attorneys to Plead Guilty? 153

Organizational Differences in Case Processing Across Courts: How does Court "Culture" Influence Case Processing? 161

Procedural Injustices and Due Process Violations in Court:What Influences Defendants' Cynicism Toward the Legal Process? 171

Chapter 3 The Jury Trial 182

Jury Decision-Making: Why do Juries and Judges Sometimes Disagree? 183

The Insanity Defense: Are Jurors Able to Understand Different Legal Rules for Establishing a Defendant's Criminal Responsibility? 192

Chapter 4 Sentencing 202

Judicial Discretion in Sentencing Decisions: Do Judges Discriminate Against Individuals of Lower Socio-Economic Status? 203

Judges' Assessments of an Offender's Risk for Future Criminality: Are Sentences Affected by Stereotypes of "Dangerous Offenders"? 212

Chapter 5 Structuring Sentencing Decisions 223

Sentencing Guidelines: Can a Sentencing Scheme be Developed to Reduce Inequities in Prison Sentences? 224

The Effectiveness of Mandatory Sentencing Guidelines for Reducing Judicial Sentencing Discretion: What is the Evidence that Guidelines Actually "Work" to Reduce Sentencing Disparities? 234

PART Ⅲ Corrections 245

Chapter 1 Correctional Goals 249

The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment: Can Criminals be Rehabilitated? 250

Capital Punishment: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder? 258

Selective Incapacitation: Can Crime be Reduced without Increasing Prison Populations? 265

Collective Incapacitation: Does Incarceration Reduce the Costs of Crime? 272

Chapter 2 Community Corrections 279

Felony Probation: Is it Safe to Put Felons on Probation? 280

Parole Prediction: Is it Possible to Predict who will Succeed or Fail on Parole? 289

Chapter 3 Inmate Subcultures 301

Inmate Social Networks: How do Inmates Become Socialized into a Prison Culture? 302

The "Pains of Imprisonment": How do Inmates Adapt to Imprisonment? 312

Female Inmate Subcultures: Are Female Inmate Experiences Different from the Experiences of Male Inmates? 320

Inmate Race Relations: Do Prison Subcultures Differ by an Inmate's Race? 331

Chapter 4 Inmate Violence 344

Inmate Victimization: Are Prisons Safe for Inmates? 345

Prison Riots: What Causes Inmates to Riot? 354

Chapter 5 Correctional Officers 363

The Stanford Prison Experiment: What Explains the Coercive Behavior of Prison Guards? 364

Correctional Officers' Attitudes: Do Correctional Officers'Attitudes Differ by Race? 375