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CHAPTER ONE: LAW AS JUSTICE 1

A. The One Sense of Justice 7

1. Inborn "Instinct" 8

a. Animal Heritage? 8

b. Intraspecies Heritage? 10

2. Inbred Reaction 11

a. Behavior and Custom 11

b. Psychology 12

B. The Conflicting Justnesses 16

1. Prelude 16

a. Poetry and Religion 16

b. East and West 17

c. Philosophy 17

2. Psychology 19

a. A Beginning 19

b. Tentative Structure 20

c. An Analogy: Beautnesses 21

C. Choice and Decision 22

1. The Judge's "Art" 22

2. Reason and Unreason 23

3. Rational Resignation 24

CHAPTER TWO: LAW AS NORM 27

A. Form ("Lawness") 31

1. Law is a "valid" "Ought" 31

2. Law as an "Is"? 32

a. In General 32

b. Individual "Fact Theories" 34

c. Summary and Outlook 37

3. Structure 38

a. Vertical Structure 39

b. A Superstructure? 44

c. Horizontal Structure: An Excursus 49

(1) Gaps in the law 50

(2) Auxiliary concepts 52

(3) Political dichotomies 53

B. Matter 57

1. Source and Growth 57

2. Legal Rules as Posited Justice 59

3. Posited Law "Justified" as Natural Law 60

a. Absolute Value? 60

b. Relational Values 63

c. Politics 66

4. Law's Territorial Scope 67

a. Transsocial Analysis (Legal Sociology) 67

b. Transcultural Analysis 68

(1) Anthropology 68

(2) "Comparative law" 70

(3) Civil and common law 71

CHAPTER THREE: LAW AS DECISION 73

A. "True Law" 76

1. Legal Reasoning 77

a. Deduction? 77

b. Induction? 78

c. Dialectics and Rhetorics 79

d. Linguistic Limits 80

e. Rule Skepticism 81

B. "True" Facts 82

1. The Search (Procedure) 82

2. The Doubt ("Fact Skepticism") 84

C. Resignation 85

1. Non Liquet 85

2. Equality versus the Law 86

3. Extra Legem 87

CHAPTER FOUR: LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY (CRIME AND TORT) 93

A. A Free Will? 95

B. Crime (Punishment or Treatment) 97

1. Functions of Punishment 98

a. Rational Purposes 98

b. Irrational Factors 98

2. Types of Crimes 100

a. Deterrable Crimes 101

b. Nondeterrable Crimes 101

3. Reform? 102

a. Punishment 102

b. Criminal Guilt 105

C. Torts 110

1. From Admonition to Compensation 110

2. From Moral Fault to the "Reasonable Man" 111

CHAPTER FIVE: THE SCHOOLS OF JURISPRUDENCE 113

A. "Positivism": Positive Natural Law 115

1. Law Inside Justice 115

a. Cosmos, God, and King 115

b. Nature 116

c. Man himself 117

2. Law Outside Justice 121

B. "Natural Law" Doctrine: A Natural Positive Law 122

1. The Pre-Socratics 122

2. Plato and Platonism 123

a. The Master 123

b. The Disciples 124

c. Plotinus (203-270 A.D.) 124

3. Aristotle and His Heirs 125

a. The Master 125

b. His Progeny 126

4. Phenomenology 127

5. Existentialism 128

C. Law Found and Made 130

1. Dialectics 130

a. History 130

b. Today's Topicism 131

c. Marxist Dialectics 132

d. Conclusion 132

2. American "Realism" 132

a. The True Rule 132

b. Oliver Wendell Holmes 133

c. John Chipman Gray 133

d. Karl Llewellyn, Edward Levi, and others 133

3. Sociology of Law 135

a. A New Jurisprudence? 136

(1) Newness? 136

(2) A Jurisprudence? 137

(3) Politics ("Interests") 141

b. A New Technique 142

Bibliography 145

Index of Names 157