CONSEQUENCES OF NON-AGREEMENT AT THE THIRD U.N.LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCEPDF电子书下载

Ⅰ.Introduction 1

A.The Issue 1

B."Consequences" 3

1."Consequences" as Compared to What? 3

2."Consequences" for Whom? 4

3."Consequences" of the Process of Law Making 5

4."Consequences" of What? 10

Ⅱ.Outcomes Other Than a Timely,Widely Accepted,and Comprehensive Treaty 11

A.Complete Absence of a Treaty 11

B.Conference Continuation,but without Treaty 11

C.Agreement on Some but Not All Issues 12

D.An Unacceptable Agreement 12

E.An Inadequate Agreement 13

F.Resolution or Declaration of Principles 14

G.Framework Agreement 14

Ⅲ.Possible Initial National Actions 17

A.Some Possibilities for Initial Action 17

1.Coastal State Claims 17

a.Extension of Territorial Waters 17

b.Extension of Article 24 Contiguous Zones 18

c.Extension of Natural Resource and Other Forms of Jurisdiction 18

d."Historic Waters" Claims 19

e.Straits Passage Regulations Claims 19

f.Unreasonable Seaward Extension of Baselines 19

g.Establishment of Mandatory Sealanes 20

h.Emplacement of Mines 20

2.Coastal or Landlocked State Actions 20

a.Initiation of Seabed Mining 20

b.Forcible Reaction to Other Nations' Claims 21

3.Multi-State Claims and Acts 21

a.Establishment of Zones of Peace and Security 21

b.Fishing Agreements 21

c.Seabed Mining Agreements 22

d.Closed Sea Claims 22

4.Enforcement of Claims or Acts 22

B.Expected Degree of Initial National Action 23

1.Absence of an Alternative to Order 23

2.Historical Analysis 27

Ⅳ.Some Specific Problem Areas:The Consequences of Non-Agreement 33

A.Deep Seabed Mineral Mining 33

1.Continuation of Operations 33

2.Legal Challenges 34

3.Political Challenges 35

4.Enactment of Municipal Legislation by Developed Nations;Concordant Practice;Developed Nation Treaty 37

5.A Group of 77 Treaty 37

6.Conclusions 40

B.Fisheries 42

1.Exclusive Fishing Zone Claims;Responses 43

a.Abandonment;.Displacement 43

b.Negotiated Access 44

c.Legal Conflict 44

d.Economic Retaliation 45

2.Consequences for Existing Arrangements 47

C.Navigation 48

1.Extension of Territorial Seas to Twelve Miles 48

2.Straits 49

3.Navigation in Economic Zones 52

4.Effects on Anti-Submarine Warfare Programs 54

D.Scientific Research 55

E.Protection of the Marine Environment 57

F.Continental Margin Petroleum and Natural Gas Production 59

V.Conclusions 61