THE LEGAL REGIME OF ISLANDS IN INTERNATIONAL LAWPDF电子书下载

Part One CHAPTER ONE.THE DEFINITION OF AN ISLAND 1

1.Definition for the purpose of generating a territorial sea 1

(a)"Natural formation" 2

(b)Emergence at high-tide 6

(c)Alternative criteria now rejected 7

2.Definition for the purpose of drawing base-lines from which the territorial sea is measured 9

3.Methods of drawing base-lines involving islands 16

(a)Situations where the normal,low-water mark is used 16

(b)Situations where the straight base-lines method is used 18

(c)Situations where the island lies within a Bay 28

4.Definition for the purpose of generating a continental shelf or exclusive economic zone 33

5.The Effect of Islands on Territorial Sea boundaries with adjacent or opposite States 34

(a)Islands proximate to their own mainland coast 37

(b)Islands in the "median" zone 40

(c)Islands proximate to a "foreign" mainland 41

CHAPTER TWO.SOVEREIGNTY OVER ISLANDS 45

1.Islands lying within the Territorial Sea of a State 48

2.Islands lying in the High Seas 50

(a)The degree and kind of sovereign authority required 50

(b)The requirement that acts be performed with animus occupandi or in order to assert sovereignty 54

CHAPTER THREE.ISLANDS AND THEIR RELATION TO BOUNDARIES IN NAVIGABLE RIVERS 61

1.The location of the boundary in the river 61

2.The location of islands and the attribution of sovereignty over islands by reference to the thalweg 63

3.The consequences of changes in the course of a river 65

4.The effects of such changes on Islands 68

CHAPTER FOUR.ARCHIPELAGOS 73

1.Introduction 73

2.The Ango-Norwegian Fisheries Case 75

3.The work of the International Law Commission 78

4.State Practice 81

(a)Coastal Archipelagos 84

(b)Oceanic Archipelagos 90

(ⅰ)Variety of forms 90

(ⅱ)The issues involved 90

(α)Security 98

(β)Economic 103

5.The resolution of the problems of archipelagos at the Third U.N.Law of the Sea Conference 105

(a)Definition of an Archipelagic State and rules on base-lines 105

(b)The status of archipelagic waters 109

CHAPTER FIVE.ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS 115

1.Authority to establish such islands or installations 118

2.Restrictions on the construction and operation of such islands and installations 126

3.Jurisdiction and Control 131

4.Responsibility for artificial islands and installations 134

5.The effect on base-lines 129

CHAPTER SIX.ISLANDS AND THE CONTINENTAL SHELF 139

1.Entitlement of Islands to a Continental Shelf 139

2.The Allocation of an appropriate share of the Shelf 142

3.The Effect of Islands on Shelf Boundaries 143

(a)Under the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf 143

(ⅰ)The scope of Article 6 144

(ⅱ)The relationship between 'agreement',the median or equidistance line,and 'special circumstances' 148

(ⅲ)The meaning of 'special circumstances' and their effect on the boundary 151

(ⅳ)The practice of the Parties 156

(α)Agreements between 'opposite' States 157

(β)Agreements between 'adjacent' States 159

(b)Under Customary International Law 161

(ⅰ)Agreements between 'opposite' States 170

(ⅱ)Agreements between 'adjacent' States 179

4.The Technical problems of using the equidistance method 183

5.The rules for delimitation of continental shelf boundaries in the Informal Composite Negotiating Text 185

Part Two CHAPTER SEVEN.THE ENGLISH CHANNEL AND THE SOUTHWESTERN APPROACHES 193

1.The facts as to the Geography and Geology of the area 194

(a)The Channel Islands 194

(b)The Atlantic Area 195

2.The Law applicable:Article 6 of the 195

Convention,its meaning and its relation to customary law 196

3.The application of the law to the Channel Islands area 201

4.The application of the law to the Southwestern Approaches or Atlantic area 209

5.A tentative evaluation of the implications of the Award 215

(a)The interpretation of Article 6 and the predictability of maritime boundaries 216

(b)The relative weight of geographical,geological and other relevant factors 220

(c)The relevance of the Award to other "island" situations 225

(d)The Court's use of State practice as evidence of the rules of international law 228

(e)The Court's adoption of legal arguments proprio motu 230

(f)The technique of giving reduced effect to islands 231

6.The interpretation of its Award by the Court of Arbitration in its subsequent decision of 14 March,1978 240

(a)The limits of the Court's power of interpretation 241

(b)The substance of the contradictions alleged by the United Kingdom and the Court's decision in relation to them 243

CHAPTER EIGHT.THE AEGEAN SEA 249

1.Introduction 249

2.The Base-lines from which maritime limits are drawn 255

(a)Turkey 255

(b)Greece 256

3.The Effect of islands on the Territorial Sea 256

4.The Effect of islands on the Continental Shelf 259

(a)The criterion of the "natural prolongation"of the landmass 262

(b)The division of areas that 'overlap' 265

(c)Subsidiary factors 266

5.Comparable State Practice 271

6.The implications of the U.K./France Award over the English Channel for the Aegean dispute 277

CHAPTER NINE.THE CHINA SEA 283

1.Introduction 283

2.The Base-lines from which maritime limits are drawn 286

(a)China 286

(b)The Republic of Korea 293

(c)Japan 294

(d)The Philippines 295

3.Disputed Islands 295

(a)The Tiao Yu Tai Islands(the Senkaku Islands) 295

(b)The Islands of Takeshima 297

(c)The Paracel Islands(Hsisha Islands) 297

(d)The Spratly Islands(Nansha Islands) 299

4.Maritime Boundaries 300

(a)Agreed Boundaries 301

(ⅰ)Japan/Republic of Korea 301

(ⅱ)Indonesia/ Malaysia 303

(b)Areas not regulated by Agreements 304

(ⅰ)The Yellow Sea 304

(ⅱ)The East China Sea 305

(ⅲ)The South China Sea 307

CHAPTER TEN.THE GULF OF VENEZUELA 313

1.Introduction 313

2.Base-lines and the Territorial Sea 315

3.The effect of islands on the continental shelf 319

(a)The criterion of "natural prolongation" 320

(b)The general configuration of the coasts of Parties,as well as the presence of any special or unusual features 321

(c)The physical and geological structure,and natural resources,of the shelf areas involved 323

(d)The proportionality factor 323

INDEX 327

DIAGRAMS AND MAPS 15

Fig.A.Islands,base-lines and the territorial sea 15

Fig.B.Straight base-lines off N.W.coast of Scotland 26

Fig.C.Islands in a Multi-mouthed Bay 29

Fig.D.Islands screening mouth of a Bay 32

Fig.E.Diagrammatic illustration of islands and Continental Shelf boundaries 171

Fig.F.Boundary Chart of Channel Arbitration Area 205

Fig.G.Diagrammatic illustrations of half-effect to islands 234

Fig.H.Map of North Aegean 253

Fig.I.Map of South Aegean 254

Fig.J.Geological Map of China Seas 285

Fig.K.Base-lines of China(Yellow Sea) 288

Fig.L.Base-lines of China(East and South China Seas) 289

Fig.M.Map of Japan/ Korea Shelf Boundary 302

Fig.N.Map of Gulf of Venezuela 316