BRITISH SHIPPING LAWS 13 SHIPOWNERSPDF电子书下载

1. OWNERSHIP OF TONNAGE 1

1. National Tonnage： Overall Concept 1

State responsibility 1

International case law 2

Kinds of ownership 3

2. Individual Ownership 4

Kinds of registration law 4

Rigid laws 6

Relaxed laws：flags of “ convenience” 7

Balanced laws 13

3. Position in English Law 14

“British ship” 14

Obligation to register 19

Government ships 20

General scheme 21

Republic of Ireland 22

Effect of failure to register 25

British owners and flags of convenience 26

4. Government-Owned Tonnage 27

Commercially operated vessels 27

English law 29

5. International Organisations 30

General principles 30

International case law 31

Intergovernmental organisations 39

2. ACQUISITION oF TONNAGE 40

1. Methods of Acquisition 40

Economics of acquisition 40

Kinds of tonnage for acquisition 42

How to acquire tonnage 44

2. Second-hand ShipsRole of shipbrokers 45

3. New Building 57

Choice of shipyard 57

4. Chartering 82

Modern conditions 82

Kinds of time charters 87

5. Baltic Exchange 92

History 92

Operations 95

World tramp chartering 98

2. ACQUISITION OF TONNAGE—continued 100

5. Baltic Exchange—ontinued 100

Organisation 100

Discipline 101

Sale and purchase 102

3. ENGLISH LAW OF SALE 105

1. Contracts for Sale 105

Special features 105

Formation of contract 108

Construction of contracts in writing 110

Passing of proper 115

（ⅰ） sale or contract 115

（ⅱ） second-hand ships 121

（ⅲ） shipbuilding 138

（ⅳ） specific performance 143

Passing of the risk： frustration 145

Conditions and warranties： Act of 1893 150

Fraud and misrepresentation 158

Warranties during negotiations 161

Express conditions 176

Implied terms： performance of contract 185

2. Shipbrokers： Duties and RightsActing for whom？ 189

Commission 192

3. Conflict of Laws 197

Proper law of contract 197

Jurisdiction of English courts 210

4. Forms of Contract for Sale 216

Saleform agreement 216

Standard yacht-building agreement 224

4. OPERATION OF MERCHANT SHIPPING 234

1. Kinds of Seaborne Trade 234

Classification 234

Specialised trades 235

Dry cargo trade 237

2. Conference System 238

Characteristics 238

Advantages 241

Difficulties 242

Organisation 243

Practices 244

Conference Ratemaking 246

Conference and shipper 250

Governments and the conference 258

Conclusion： future of conference system 264

3. Tramp Shipping 270

Distinguishing characteristics 270

Mechanics of voyage chartering 272

4. Bilateralism in Shipping 279

Multilateralism 279

（1） Bilateral trade 280

（2） Bilateral aid 284

5. Independent Liner Operators 285

4.OPERATION OF MERCANT SHIPPING——continued 285

Competing with conferences 285

6. Proprietary Owners Individuals and States 287

7. Coastal Shipping Cabotage 288

5. ORGANISATIONS AIDING SHIPOWNERS 292

1. Intergovernmental Organisations Introduction 292

Need for international organisations 294

General intergovernmental organisations 301

IMCO 307

2. Non-governmental Organisations Classification 311

（A） International Cargo Handling Coordination Association 314

（B） International Association of Ports and Harbours 317

（C） National organisations in England 320

（ⅰ） Liverpool Steam Shipowners’ Association 320

（ⅱ） Shipping Advisory Panel 321

（ⅲ） National Maritime Board 323

（ⅳ） Shipping Federation 326

3. Chambers of Shipping 327

ICS and ISF 327

Chamber of Shipping of the United Kingdom 329

Historical survey 329

The Chamber’s Royal Charter 336

Membership of the Chamber 338

Organisation 339

International Chamber of Shipping 345

Committee of European Shipowners 349

Committee of European National Shipowners’Association 354

Committee of Liner Operators： South America 357

Other international organisations 358

Relations with other bodies 361

4. Comite Maritime International 364

Origin and development 364

Object 369

Organisation 370

Work 373

British Maritime Law Association 376

The post-war Comite 380

5. Classification SocietiesIntroduction 383

（i） Lloyd’s Classification Society History 385

Essence of classi fication 391

Statutory surveys 396

Safety Coventions 400

（ii） Other Classification Societies 403

Full list 403

American Bureau of Shipping 404

5. ORGANISATIONS AIDING SHIPOWNERS—contirued 409

5. Classification Societies—continued 409

Bureau Veritas 409

Norske Veritas 413

Nippon Kaiji Kyokai 414

Korean Register of Shipping 418

Turk Loydu 423

Soviet Classication Society 424

Future of classication societies 425

6. INSuRANCE IN LONDON 428

1. Lloyd’s 428

History 428

Organisation 432

Placing a risk 439

Lloyd’s Policy Signing Office 440

Settlement of claims 441

Average and Recoveries Department 442

（ⅰ） General Average， Salvage and Collision Section 445

（ⅱ） Shipowners’ Liability Section 448

（ⅲ） Non-Marine Recoveries and Refunds Section 450

（ⅳ） Marine Payments Section 451

Lloyd’s agency system 452

Intelligence Department 456

Lloyd’s shipping publications 457

Lloyd’s Underwriters’ Association 462

2. P.and I.Clubs 463

（ⅰ） Introduction 463

Place in insurance market 463

（ⅱ） History 465

18th century：limited insurance facilities 465

The hull Clubs 469

Increase of third party liabilities 477

Formation of P.and I.Clubs 485

（ⅲ） Scope of Modern Cover 490

Collisions，etc 490

Death，injury or illness 496

Other responsibility for crew，etc 500

Responsibility for cargo 503

Fines for offences，etc 509

“Omnibus” cover 510

Limitations on cover 512

（ⅳ） The Club and its Members 513

Entry 513

Legal status 515

Calls and deductibles 517

Administration and management 521

（ⅴ） Related Associations 528

Defence associations 528

War Risks Associations 529

3. Insurance Companies 536

Role in London market 536

History 537

Institute of London Underwriters 538

Relations with Lloyd’s： committees 540

Relations with Lloyd’s： the market 543

Business independent of Lloyd’s 547

6. INSuRANCE IN LONDON——continued 550

4. Export Credit Guarantees 550

Credit insurance by E.C.G.D. 550

Facilities provided 551

History of E.C.G.D. 552

Act of 1949 555

Period of credit 558

Credit insurance for shipbuilding 562

Bank guarantees 566

Financial guarantees 567

Direct loans by State 568

7. PORTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 570

1. Types of Ports 570

（ⅰ） Public trust authorities 570

（ⅱ） Municipally-owned ports 573

（ⅲ） Nationalised ports 574

（ⅳ） Company-owned ports 575

Associated authorities 576

2. Legislation affecting Ports 577

Special enactments 577

General enactments 578

3. Powers of Port Authorities 580

General powers 580

Power to make by-laws 581

Entry and movement of ships 585

4. Port charges 590

Ship，passenger and goods dues 590

Services and facilities 598

Collection of port charges 599

Light dues 603

5. Rights and Duties of Authorities 606

Wreck removal 606

Oil in navigable waters 609

Limitation of liability 610

Damage to dock works 611

Pilotage 612

6. Organisations Concerned with Ports 613

National Ports Council 613

Dock and Harbour Authorities’Association 615

National Association of Port Employers 616

Trinity House 617

7. Port of London Authority 618

Creation of the P.L.A. 618

Constitution 622

Jurisdiction 623

Functions 624

Finance of the P.L.A 633

Dues 634

8. AGENTS OF CARGO AND SHIP 635

1. Forwarding Agents 635

Functions 635

Institute of Shipping and Forwarding Agents 638

Forwarding agent as principal 639

8. AGENTS oF CARGO AND SHIP—continued 640

1. Forwarding Agents—continued 640

Forwarding agent as carrier 640

“ Groupage ” bills of lading 643

Bailee’s liability in tort 644

Personal liability to shipowner 647

London custom as to freight 648

Other obligations 650

Right to sue shipowner in own name 651

Forwarding agent’s bill of lading 652

Forwarding agent’s lien 654

Stoppage in transitu 656

2. Loading Brokers 657

Function 657

Legal Position 659

3. Ship’s Agents 664

Functions 664

4. Bill of Lading Practice 668

Introduction 668

Arrangements for shipment 669

Essential facts detailed 671

Format 679

Process of issue 683

Non-negotiable receipts 689

Release of cargo at destination 692

Mechanisation 693

Life of a bill of lading 694

Unit loads 694

Sea/air transit 695

9.MODEL ALL-PURPOSE BILL oF LADING 696

The need 696

A model bill of lading 706

The carrying clauses 712

Preamble or introduction 719

Dangerous or politically unsafe goods 720

Jurisdiction 721

Liner company’s special clauses 722

10. SETTLEMENT oF DISPUTES IN LONDON 722

1. Commercial Court 758

Origin and development 758

Order 72 of1964 765

Types of action tried in the Commercial Court 767

Transfer of an action to the Commercial List 770

Summons for directions 772

Evidence at the trial 776

Order 72 778

2. Maritime Arbitration 788

Arbitration clauses in charter parties 788

Arbitrators as advocates 792

Sole arbitrator 794

Access to court 795

“London Rules” 796

London Maritime Arbitrators’Association 797

3. Average Adjustment 798

History 798

Association of Average Adjusters 799

Legal position 800

11. FIAG DiSCRIMINATION 801

1. State Responsibili 801

Basic principle 801

Sovereign equality of States 802

Applications 803

Meaning of “flag discrimination” 806

2. Effects of the First World War 812

New trends 812

3. Effects of the Second World War 823

Nations newly come to shipping 823

Advent of IMCO 825

Declarations qualifying entry 827

What is “discriminatory”？ 830

Limitations of IMCO 833

Conclusions 834

4. Geneva Conventions of 1958 on the Law of the Sea 837

Evolutionary effects 837

Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone，Geneva 1958 838

Convention on the High Seas， Geneva 1958 839

5. International Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships， Brussels，May 1962 Significance 841

6. Practice of States regarding Discrimination U.S.A. v.U.K.trade war 842

（A） Practice of United States of America 843

（B） State practice of United Kingdom 863

（C） State practice of India 870

7. Views of International Chambers of Commerce and Shipping on practice of States 882

Classes of discrimination 882

Examples 883

A.Restrictive clauses in trade treaties 883

B.Unilateral action by governments 885

8.Views of OEEC and other Organisations 893

OEEC 893

LAFTA 894

GATT 895

UNCTAD 896

ECAFE Shipping Report 899

9. International Law Concept of Flag Discrimination Question of legality 901

（A） Legal approach 903

（B） Position in customary international law 919

（C） Approach based on practice of States； concept of an international standard 920