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INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 1:MOTION OF ELECTRONS AND IONS IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 6

Introduction 6

1．1．Motion in an electrostatic field 6

1．2．Motion in a magnetostatic field 7

1．2．1．Motion of charged particles in a toroidal magnetic field 12

1．2．2．Motion of charged particles in the field of a magnetic lens 14

1．2．3．Motion of charged particles in a helical magnetic field 20

1．3．Motion of charged particles in crossed electric and magnetic fields 21

1．3．1．Superimposed toroidal magnetic field and betatron magnetic field 24

1．3．2．Electric vortex field and magnetic lens field 30

1．4．The movement of a charged particle in the field of an electromagnetic wave 32

1．5．Motion in crossed r．f．electric field and a magnetostatic field 34

1．6．Radiation from accelerated charges 38

1．6．1．The bremsstrahlung 40

1．6．2．Cyclotron(betatron,synchrotron)radiation 43

1．6．3．Cerenkov radiation 46

List of symbols used in chapter 1 53

CHAPTER 2:FLUID DESCRIPTION OF PLASMA 54

Introduction 54

2．1．Stationary distributions 58

2．2．The Boltzmann equation 59

2．2．1．Non-relativistic ensemble 61

2．2．2．Relativistic ensemble 65

2．3．Integrals of Boltzmann equations over the velocity space 66

2．3．1．Non-relativistic case 66

2．3．2．Relativistic case 71

2．4．Fluid equations 73

References 77

List of symbols used in chapter 2 77

CHAPTER 3:EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATIONS 78

Introduction 78

3．1．Confinement by magnetic fields generated by currents in the plasma 80

3．1．1．Non-relativistic streams 80

3．1．2．Relativistic streams 85

3．2．Plasma in an external magnetic field 89

3．3．Plasma equilibrium in external and self-fields 96

3．4．Force-free magnetic fields 98

References 100

List of symbols used in chapter 3 100

CHAPTER 4:WAVES AND INSTABILITIES IN PLASMA 101

Introduction 101

4．1．Electron oscillations in plasma 102

4．1．1．The longitudinal oscillations 105

4．1．2．The transversal oscillations 106

4．1．3．Hybrid transversal and longitudinal waves 108

4．1．4．Effect of random velocities on the dispersion relations(Landau damping) 111

4．1．5．Reflection of electromagnetic waves by plasma 112

4．1．6．Electron waves on a plasma cylinder 114

4．2．Positive ion oscillations 118

4．2．1．Electrostatic ion oscillations 119

4．2．2．Hydromagnetic oscillations in a stationary plasma—infinite plasma—waves on a plasma cylinder 122

4．2．3．Hydromagnetic oscillations in plasma streams 128

4．3．Growing waves and instabilities 131

4．3．1．Conversion of kinetic energy of particle streams into the energy of longitudinal plasma oscillations 133

4．3．2．Conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy of plasma—Energy principle for hydromagnetic instabilities 137

4．3．3．Hydrodynamic instability 141

References 146

List of symbols used in chapter 4 147

CHAPTER 5:SHOCK WAVES IN PLASMA 148

Introduction 148

5．1．Shock waves in a magnetic field-free plasma 150

5．2．Shocks in a gyrotropic plasma 152

5．3．Shocks in vacuum 153

5．4．Plasmoids 157

References 160

List of symbols used in chapter 5 160

CHAPTER 6:COLLISION AND RELAXATION PROCESSES 161

Introduction 161

6．1．Dynamics of a collision of two charged particles 161

6．2．Fokker-Planck equation 165

6．2．1．Conduction of electricity in plasma—Conduction of electricity in a gyrotropic plasma 170

6．3．Diffusion in configuration space 177

6．3．1．Flux of particles 179

6．3．2．Conduction of heat and electricity 182

6．3．3．Diffusion of momentum．Viscosity 184

References 186

List of symbols used in chapter 6 186

CHAPTER 7:RESEARCH ON CONTROLLED FUSION 189

Introduction 189

7．1．Sources of nuclear energy 189

7．1．1．Elementary nuclear concepts 189

7．1．2．Binding energy 191

7．1．3．Nuclear fusion 195

7．1．4．Fission and fusion reactions as sources of energy 200

7．1．5．Uncontrolled fusion reactions 201

7．1．6．Controlled fusion reactions 202

7．2．Confinement 210

7．2．1．External fields-Toroidal confinement，mirror confinement,radiofrequency confinement 211

7．2．2．Self-field confinement 220

7．2．3．Confinement by the magnetic field of a relativistic electron stream 225

7．3．Heating and energy balance 226

7．3．1．Dynamic pinch 227

7．3．2．Joule＇s heating 228

7．3．3．Losses 229

7．4．Approaches to the problem of controlled fusion 232

References 234

List of symbols used in chapter 7 234

CHAPTER 8:OTHER APPLICATIONS 236

8．1．Generation of h．f．electromagnetic waves 236

8．2．Direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy 240

8．3．Applications to particle accelerators 246

8．3．1．Injection into betatrons 247

8．3．2．Guiding fields in circular accelerators 249

8．3．3．Acceleration mechanisms 253

8．4．Rocket propulsion 257

8．5．Energy storage 260

References 262

List of symbols used in chapter 8 263

LITERATURE 264

Books 264

Publications in scientific journals related to the individual chapters 264

NAME AND SUBJECT INDEX 275