Fractures and Joint Injuries Volume I Fourth EditionPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ PRINCIPLES OF FRACTURE TREATMENT 1

CHAPTER Ⅰ REPAIR OF FRACTURES 3

Histological features 3

Clinical features 5

Biochemical features 6

Pathological features 6

Rate of repair of fractures 9

Vascularity and the repair of fractures 9

CHAPTER Ⅱ DELAYED UNION AND NON-UNION 13

Differentiation of slow union，delayed union and non-union 14

Slow union from poor blood supply 16

Slow union from excessive traction 19

Delayed union from inadequate immobilisation 22

Delayed union from infection 32

Non-union from interposition of soft parts 37

Established non-union of fractures 38

CHAPTER Ⅲ ADHESIONS AND JOINT STIFFNESS 39

Causes of adhesions and joint stiffness 44

Stiffness of joints and Sudeck＇s acute bone atrophy 53

CHAPTER Ⅳ MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS，TRAUMATIC OSSIFICATION 56

Types of pathological ossification 56

Traumatic subperiosteal ossification 58

CHAPTER Ⅴ AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF BONE 64

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head 68

summary 73

Fracture of the neck of the femur 73

Traumatic dislocation of the hip joint 80

Legg-Perthes＇ disease of the hip 83

Avascular necrosis of the head of the humerus 85

Avascular necrosis of the carpal scaphoid bone 86

Avascular necrosis of the lunate bone 90

Avascular necrosis of the lateral condyle of the humerus 92

Avascular necrosis of the talus 92

Avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans 96

CHAPTER Ⅵ VASCULAR INJURIES 98

Types of arterial injury 98

Results of arterial injury 108

Volkmann＇s ischaemic contracture 111

Gangrene from fractures 116

Gangrene from tourniquets 121

Immersion foot，shelter foot，trench foot 122

Frost-bite 123

Crush syndrome and traumatic oedema 124

CHAPTER Ⅶ NERVE INJURIES 126

Types of nerve injury 126

Nerve injuries in wounds 128

Nerve injuries in closed fractures and dislocations 130

Fractures with primary nerve injuries 130

Fractures with secondary nerve injuries 134

Fractures with delayed nerve injuries 135

Median paralysis 136

Ulnar paralysis 137

Radial paralysis 138

Circumflex paralysis 140

Sciatic paralysis 140

Lateral popliteal paralysis 142

CHAPTER Ⅷ CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS 143

Clinical diagnosis 143

Radiographic diagnosis 143

Diagnosis of union of a fracture 160

The danger of Ⅹ-rays to surgeons 163

CHAPTER Ⅸ MANIPULATIVE REDUCTION OF FRACTURES 165

Methods of reduction and immobilisation 165

Plaster-of-Paris technique 168

Complications of plaster immobilisation 175

General complications 179

Manipulative reduction and continuous traction 182

Mechanical reduction and skeletal transfixion 186

CHAPTER Ⅹ OPERATIVE REDUCTION OF FRACTURES 187

Indications for operative reduction 188

Aseptic technique 191

Methods of internal fixation 198

Intramedullary nailing 201

CHAPTER Ⅺ REACTIONS OF BONE TO METAL 205

Thermal destruction of bone 205

Electrolytic destruction of bone 210

Bacteriological destruction of bone 214

Physical destruction of bone 217

Fallacy of the＂compression factor＂in accelerating the union of fractures 223

CHAPTER Ⅻ SHOCK，STRESS ＆ THE ADAPTATION SYNDROME 227

Clinical features of shock 227

Biochemical features of shock 228

General circulatory changes in shock 228

Local circulatory changes in shock 229

Nervous and hormonal defences－alarm reaction－adaptation syndrome 230

Treatment of shock 232

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ OPEN FRACTURES AND JOINT WOUNDS 237

First-aid treatment 237

Treatment of wound shock 239

Emergency treatment of the wound 239

Excision of the wound 243

Excision of bullet wounds 247

Excision of wounds of joints 249

Excision of head wounds 253

Excision of chest wounds 253

Chemotherapeutic control of infection 253

Unusual infections of wounds 258

Gas-gangrene infection 258

Tetanus infection 260

Infection with actinomyces 260

After-treatment of wounds 261

Restoration of skin cover by delayed suture or free-skin grafting 269

Final control of infection by sequestrectomy 273

Replacement of unstable scars by whole-thickness skin grafts 277

Late reconstructive surgery－atlas of typical cases 280

Amputations for open and infected fractures 294

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ TRANSPLANTATION OF BONE 298

History of bone grafting 298

The fate of transplanted bone 305

Bone banks 306

Technique of cortical bone grafting 307

Technique of cancellous bone grafting 311

Atlas of un-united fractures treated by grafting 314

PART Ⅱ FATIGUE OR STRESS FRACTURES，BIRTH FRACTURES AND PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES 341

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ FATIGUE OR STRESS FRACTURES 343

Concealed crack fractures 343

March fracture of the metatarsal 345

Fatigue fracture of the fibula 347

Fatigue fractures of the upper limbs 348

Other spontaneous fractures 348

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ BIRTH FRACTURES 351

Fracture shaft of humerus 351

Fracture shaft of clavicle 352

Fracture shaft of femur 352

Depressed fracture of skull 354

Epiphyseal displacements 355

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia 355

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES 361

Development and growth of normal bone 361

Developmental disorders of bone causing pathological fracture 370

Nutritional and vitamin dificiencies causing pathological fracture 383

Hormonal imbalance causing pathological fracture 390

Disuse and senile osteoporosis of bone 398

Dystrophic cysts and fibrous dysplasias of bone 401

Paget＇s disease of bone－osteitis deformans 409

Primary and secondary tumours of bone causing pathological fracture 414

Diseases of the marrow constituents 431

Parasitic disease of bone causing pathological fracture 436

Neurotrophic dystrophies of bone causing fracture 439