The causes and cures of criminalityPDF电子书下载

1. Introduction 1

PART ONE: PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 17

2. The Constitutional Theory of Criminality 17

Introduction: Stigmata 17

Physique: The Kretschmer-Sheldon System 22

Physique and Personality 26

Early Studies of Criminality and Physique 33

Criminality and the Sheldon System 34

Conclusion 41

3. Crime and Personality 43

The Descriptive Variables: Personality Research 43

Intelligence and Criminality 49

Temperament and Criminality 55

4. Criminality, Heredity, and Environment 91

Modern Behavioral Genetics 91

Twin Studies of Criminality 96

Adoption Studies of Criminality 103

Interpretation of Findings 105

Summary and Conclusions 108

5. A Biological Theory of Criminality 109

Arousal and Conditioning 109

A General Arousal Theory of Criminality 118

Arousal, Masculinity, and Androgens 125

Sociobiology of Human Reproduction and Criminality 134

Summary and Conclusions 139

PART TWO: SENTENCING, PUNISHMENT, AND REHABILITATION 143

6. The Function and Effectiveness of Sentencing 143

Introduction 143

The Function of Sentencing 144

The Court Hierarchy 145

Types of Sentencing Available 146

Remission and Parole 152

Mentally Disordered Offenders 152

Juvenile Delinquency 153

The Measurement of Criminal Behavior 155

Police Cautioning 160

Type of Sentences Given 161

Reconviction 163

Community Service Orders 167

Truancy and the Courts 167

Prison Sentences 169

The Death Penalty 177

Conclusions 178

7. The Prevention and Treatment of Illegal Behavior 183

Introduction 183

Ways of Studying Intervention Effects 183

Requirements for Evaluative Research 186

The Concept of Prevention 189

The Effectiveness of Predelinquent Measures 191

Preadjudication Intervention 194

Postadjudication Intervention 195

Overall Effectiveness of Treatment/Rehabilitation 200

Social Learning Approach 207

Punishment--Does It Work? 209

Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques 213

Individual Differences in Treatment Effectiveness 216

Mental Illness and Crime 217

Conclusions 219

8. Sexual Deviations 221

Introduction: Recent Trends 221

Definitions and Conceptualizations 222

Types of Sexual Deviations 225

Intervention Techniques and Their Evaluation 234

Conclusions 243

9. Summary and Conclusions 247

REFERENCES 257

INDEX 303