EU ANTI-DUMPINGLAW AND PRACTICE SECOND EDITIONPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1:GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1

Ⅰ Introduction 1

1.1 The international framework 6

1.1.1 GATT/WTO 6

1.1.2 Incoterms 9

1.2 The European Communities 12

1.3 Outline of this book 14

PART 1:PROCEDURE 17

CHAPTER 2:INVESTIGATORY PROCEDURES 17

2 Introduction 17

2.1 The administering authorities 17

2.1.1 The Commission 18

Directorate-General Ⅰ 18

The Legal Service 20

Directorate-General Ⅲ 20

Directorate-General Ⅳ 20

Directorate-General ⅩⅩⅠ 21

2.1.2 The Anti-Dumping Committee 21

2.1.3 The Council of Ministers 23

2.1.4 The European Parliament 27

2.1.5 Time limits 28

2.2 Complaint and initiation 30

2.2.1 On behalf of a Community industry/Standing 34

2.2.2 Confidentiality of the complaint 38

2.2.3 Non-confidential version of the complaint 39

2.2.4 Selectivity of the complaint 40

2.2.5 Withdrawal of the complaint 41

2.2.6 Rejection of the complaint 45

2.2.7 Initiation 47

2.2.8 Self-initiation 49

2.2.9 Proceeding vs.investigation 50

2.3 Investigation techniques 51

2.3.1 Interested parties 51

2.3.2 Questionnaires 52

Non-confidential version of the questionnaire response 55

Deadline for the questionnaire response 55

Related parties 56

2.3.3 Investigation periods 59

Developments after the investigation period 61

2.3.4 Verifications 63

Verification reports 66

2.3.5 Facts available 67

2.3.6 Procedural safeguards 71

Confidentiality of information 73

Access to the file and possibility to comment 76

Hearings 78

Confrontation meetings 79

Explanation of essential facts and considerations； pre-disclosure, provisional disclosure and final disclosure 80

2.3.7 Sampling of interested parties 83

CHAPTER 3: PROTECTIVE ACTION/TERMINATION 91

3 Introduction 91

3.1 Undertakings 91

3.1.1 General 91

3.1.2 Refusal to accept undertakings 94

3.1.3 Main contents of price undertakings 98

3.1.4 Quantitative restrictions 99

3.1.5 Other forms of export restraints 100

3.1.6 Newcomers 101

3.1.7 Violation of or withdrawal from undertakings 101

3.2 Anti-dumping duties 105

3.2.1 General 105

3.2.2 Scope； product definition； product exclusion 107

3.2.3 Country of origin, production or export?/transshipments 113

3.2.4 Lesser duty rule； injury margins 117

3.2.5 Non-discriminatory application of anti-dumping duties 118

3.2.6 Cumulation anti-dumping and countervailing duties 122

3.2.7 Cumulation anti-dumping duties and quantitative restrictions 125

3.2.8 Form of the duty 127

3.2.9 Residual duty 133

Non-cooperating producers 136

Newcomers 138

3.2.10 Collection of anti-dumping duties 141

3.2.11 Inward processing 141

3.2.12 Correction clerical errors/amendments 142

3.2.13 Provisional anti-dumping duties 143

3.2.14 Definitive anti-dumping duties 145

3.2.15 Definitive collection of provisional duties 146

3.2.16 Retro-active application of anti-dumping duties 148

Registration procedure 149

3.2.17 Special monitoring 150

3.3 Termination without protective measures 152

CHAPTER 4: ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW/REFUNDS/SUSPENSION 155

4.1 Review possibilities 155

4.1.1 Interim review 159

Procedure 159

Commission practice 160

Product exclusion/inclusion 165

Scope of review 169

4.1.2 Expiry review 171

Procedure 171

Commission practice 175

4.1.3 Newcomer review 186

4.2 Refunds 190

4.2.1 Procedure 191

4.2.2 Commission practice 193

4.3 Suspension of anti-dumping measures 198

CHAPTER 5: JUDICIAL REVIEW 203

5 Introduction 203

5.1 Article 263（4） TFEU: the Action for Annulment 205

5.1.1 Reviewable acts 206

Initiation of anti-dumping proceeding 207

Initiation of review investigation 208

Initiation of anti-circumvention investigation 208

Refusal to initiate anti-dumping proceeding 208

Refusal request for access to the non-confidential file 210

Council failure to adopt a Commission proposal to impose definitive measures 210

Decision to terminate a proceeding without protective measures 211

Decisions taken in the course of the investigation 211

5.1.2 Decision which although in the form of a Regulation is of direct and individual concern to the Applicant 212

Direct concern 213

Individual concern 213

Exporters and producers 214

Importers 218

Complainants/EU producers 222

5.1.3 A regulatory act, which is of a direct concern and does not entail implementing measures 223

5.1.4 The scope of review 224

5.1.5 Consequences of Annulment of a Regulation 226

5.2 Article 267 TFEU: Preliminary ruling 227

5.3 Article 265 TFEU: Failure to act 228

5.4 Article 272 jo.Article 340 TFEU: Damages 229

5.5 Article 201 TFEU: Interim relief 231

5.6 The General Court 231

5.7 Conclusions 232

PART 2:SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS 235

CHAPTER 6:THE DUMPING DETERMINATION 235

6 Introduction 235

6.1 Export Price 237

6.1.1 Middlemen/trading houses 239

6.1.2 Construction of the export price 242

When will the export price be constructed? 243

Which costs will be deducted? 244

Which profit will be deducted? 249

6.2 Normal value 251

6.2.1 Home market sales 251

Five percent rule 251

Price paid or payable 254

Ordinary course of trade 254

Related parties 255

Selective normal value； exclusion of certain domestic sales channels 259

Compensatory arrangements 261

Like product 262

Product control numbers [PCNs] 263

Exporting country or country of origin 268

Normal value for middlemen/trading houses 268

6.2.2 No, insufficient or unreliable sales in the home market 269

Third country exports 271

Constructed value 271

Cost of manufacture 277

Selling, general & administrative expenses [SGA] 286

Profit 291

6.2.3 Sales below cost of production 295

Conditions 295

Calculation of normal value 296

6.2.4 Imports from non-market economy countries 298

Definition non-market economy country 298

Calculation normal value 299

The choice of the analogue country 299

Domestic prices, third country exports or constructed value? 306

Imposition of anti-dumping duties in the case of non-market economy countries； one country/ one duty rule 307

Market economy treatment 308

MET/IT claim form 309

Procedural steps 312

Commission practice on MET 316

Analysis of MET results 323

Individual treatment 325

Commission practice on IT 326

6.2.5 Country of origin, production or export?/ transshipments 330

Applicable WTO/GATT and EC law 330

Commission practice 332

6.3 Adjustments （netting back） 334

6.3.1 Physical characteristics 338

6.3.2 Import charges and indirect taxes 340

6.3.3 Discounts, rebates and quantities 345

6.3.4 Level of trade/symmetry 348

Article 2（10）（d） 351

Original equipment manufacturer [OEM] sales 354

Identification of OEM sales 355

OEM normal value 355

OEM export price 356

Article 2（10）（k） 356

6.3.5 Transport, insurance, handling, loading and ancillary costs 357

6.3.6 Packing 359

6.3.7 Credit 359

6.3.8 After-sales costs 361

6.3.9 Commissions 362

6.4 The comparison 364

6.4.1 Negative dumping 368

6.4.2 Currency conversions 378

6.4.3 Sale and date of sale 380

6.5 The dumping margin 382

6.5.1 Examples of dumping margin calculations 382

6.5.2 De minimis dumping 385

6.6 Sampling of types of products or transactions 386

CHAPTER 7: THE INJURY DETERMINATION 389

7 Introduction 389

7.1 The like product 392

7.1.1 The “like product” determination 392

7.1.2 Absence of “like product” data 394

7.2 The domestic industry 395

7.2.1 The standard situation 395

Standing 395

Integrated producers 396

Production in the EC 398

7.2.2 Regional industries 402

7.2.3 Conflicts of interest: related parties sensu lato 403

Community producer/importer 404

Related parties sensu stricto 407

7.3 Injury 409

7.3.1 Cumulation 409

Decumulation 412

7.3.2 Material injury sensu stricto 415

Volume of dumped imports 421

Prices of dumped imports 425

Impact of dumped imports on the Community industry 427

7.3.3 Threat of material injury 434

7.3.4 Material retardation 438

7.4 Causation 438

7.4.1 General 438

7.4.2 Margins analysis 450

7.4.3 Technical dumping 451

7.4.4 Competition arguments 453

CHAPTER 8:INJURY MARGINS 461

8 Introduction 461

8.1 Outline 463

8.2 The importance of injury margins 463

8.3 Conventional techniques of calculating injury margins 464

8.3.1 General assessments 464

8.3.2 Price undercutting: price comparison 464

8.3.3 Underselling: target prices 470

Which cost of production? 473

Which profit? 473

8.3.4 Global, individual or semi-individual injury margins? 477

8.4 Special cases 479

8.4.1 Footwear 480

8.4.2 Audio tapes in cassettes 481

8.4.3 Dicyanmide 485

8.5 Conclusions and recommendations 486

CHAPTER 9: COMMUNITY INTEREST 489

9 Introduction 489

9.1 Procedure 490

9.2 Commission practice 492

PART 3: DIVERSION AND ANTI-DIVERSION RULES 505

CHAPTER 10: ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION MEASURES 505

10 Introduction 505

10.1 The Article 13 anti-circumvention provisions 505

10.1.1 The general rule of Article 13 （1） 506

Practice, process or work 506

Change in the pattern of trade 508

Insufficient due cause or economic justification 509

Undermining the remedial effects of the duty 510

Evidence of dumping 511

10.1.2 The specific rule of Article 13 （2） for assembly operations 512

Timing of the assembly operation 514

Value-of-parts test 515

Value-added test 520

Undermining the remedial effects of the duty 521

Evidence of dumping 522

10.1.3 Are Article 13 （1） and 13 （2） mutually exclusive? 522

10.1.4 Procedure 523

10.1.5 Registration and exemptions 525

10.1.6 WTO-compatibility of Article 13 528

10.2 Origin investigations 529

10.2.1 Procedure 534

The official procedure 534

The informal procedure 535

Ruling requests/BOI 536

Judicial review 538

10.2.2 Substantive concepts 539

10.2.3 Problematic product specific origin Regulations of the EC 540

10.2.4 Value-added calculation methods 541

Older cases 543

Roll-up test 544

Tracing test 544

Parts manufactured in-house 544

Examples 544

Compact disc players and colour televisions 545

Compact disc players 546

Colour televisions 546

Transfer pricing 546

Currency conversions； exchange rates 547

10.2.5 The interpretation of the origin rules by the European Court of Justice 549

10.2.6 The WTO Agreement on rules of origin 556

10.3 Input dumping 558

10.4 General rule 2（a） 560

CHAPTER 11:ANTI-ABSORPTION RULES 565

11.1 The legislative framework 565

11.2 Commission practice 567

APPENDICES 583

BIBLIOGRAPHY 737

INDEX 747