Police and Law EnforcementPDF电子书下载

1.Accountability 1

Early History of U.S.Policing and Accountability 2

Vollmer’s Framework of Leadership 3

Twentieth-Century Impacts on Accountability 4

External Sources of Police Misconduct 5

The Miranda Warning 6

Citizen Review Boards and Guilds 7

Internal Sources of Police Misconduct 8

Pro: Arguments in Favor of External Oversight 9

The Officer Shuffle 10

Officer Misconduct Database 10

Con: Arguments Against External Oversight 11

Legislative Changes 11

2.Arrest Practices 15

The Probable Cause Requirement 15

Observations Made by the Officer 16

Anonymous Sources With Unknown Reliability 17

Reliable Anonymous Sources 17

Arrest Warrants 17

Making an Arrest 17

Miranda Warnings 18

Investigative Detention and Arrest 20

The Terry Stop Case 21

Field Interviews Versus Consensual Encounters 21

Factors Defining a Field Interview 21

Initiation and Conduct of Field Interviews 22

Arrest and Prone Restraint 24

Arrests by Off-Duty Officers 24

Arresting Juveniles 25

Pro: Positive Aspects of the Arrest Function 26

Con: Limitations of the Arrest Function 26

Effects on the Suspect 27

3.Bounty Hunters and Rewards 29

The Judas Jigsaw 30

Good Samaritans 30

Frontier Vigilantes 31

Bail and Bounties 32

Police and Community Rewards 32

How Do the Police Feel About Rewards? 33

Notable Reward Cases 34

Crime Stoppers and Tax Whistleblowers 36

Targeting Terrorists 36

Pro: Arguments in Support of Bounties and Rewards 38

Con: Arguments Against Rewards and Bounties 38

4.Entrapment 41

Historical Origins 42

Legal Development in the Supreme Court 42

Subjective and Objective Approaches 44

The Groundbreaking Case of Jacobson v.United States 45

Entrapment Applied: Abscam 46

Pro: Support of Government Undercover Investigations 48

Con: Opposition of Broad Law Enforcement Discretion 49

Failure of the Subjective Test for Government Conduct 50

Unjustifiable Governmental Tactics 50

The Ethics of Deception 52

Conclusion 52

5.Internal Review Practices 55

Overview of Police Internal Review Practices 56

Public Complaints and Access 57

Maintaining Legitimacy 58

Four Possible Conclusions 60

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Internal Review Systems 61

Con: Arguments Against Internal Review Systems 62

6.Interrogation Practices 69

Overview 70

Early Judicial Decisions 70

The Changing Meaning of Voluntary Confession 71

The Christian Burial Case 72

Police Interrogation Tactics 73

Interrogation Environment 74

Interrogation Programs and Published Techniques 75

Pro: Benefits of Securing a Confession 76

Con: Drawbacks of Securing a Confession 77

Conclusion 78

Comprehension of a Suspect’s Rights 79

7.Miranda Warnings 83

Foundations of the Miranda Warnings 84

Repercussions of the Court Decision 85

Vacillations on Miranda 86

The Burger Court 86

The Rehnquist Court 88

Interpretation of the Warnings 88

When Miranda Is and Is Not Required 89

The Right to Silence Versus the Right to Counsel 91

Proper Use of Miranda and Suspect Voluntariness 91

Juvenile Suspects and Comprehension of Miranda 92

Pro: Arguments in Support of the Miranda Decision 93

Con: Arguments Against the Use of Miranda 94

Coercive Interrogation Tactics 95

8.Plain View Doctrine 97

The Fourth Amendment 98

Katz v.United States 99

The Coolidge Test 100

Covering the Five Senses 101

Sense-Augmenting Surveillance 102

Extrasensory Surveillance 105

Pro: Strengths of the Plain View Doctrine Compromise 107

Clear Guidance 107

Con: Limitations of the Plain View Doctrine 108

9.Police Brutality 111

Defining Police Brutality 112

Deadly Force 114

Non-Deadly Force 115

Prevalence of Police Use of Force and Brutality 116

Potential Causes of Police Brutality 117

Police Subculture 118

Biases Among Individual Officers 118

Burnout and Cynicism 119

Curbing Police Brutality 120

Civilian Review Boards 120

Early Warning Systems 121

Pro: Arguments Supporting Police Use of Heavy Force 122

Con: Arguments Against Permitting Police Brutality 123

Support of Research 124

10.Police Corruption and Code of Silence 129

Defining Police Corruption 130

Types of Police Corruption 130

The History of Police Corruption in America 131

The 1970s Knapp Commission: Meat Eaters and Grass Eaters 132

The 1990s and Beyond 132

Theories of Police Corruption 133

Preventing and Controlling Corruption 135

Positive Leadership 135

Administrative Rulemaking and Corruption Investigations 135

Community Policing 135

Code of Silence 136

Pro: Arguments in Favor of the Code of Silence 137

Con: Arguments Against the Code of Silence 139

Conclusion 140

11.Police Privatization 143

Politics, Privatization, and Policing 144

Historical Fluctuations of Private Policing in America 144

Organizational Design of Public Policing 146

Public-Choice and Interorganizational Theories 146

Public-Interest, Economic, and Management Dimensions 147

Pro: Arguments in Support of Police Privatization 148

Reducing Costs and Gaining Efficiency 148

Competitive Pressures Beneficial to Democracy 149

Con: Arguments in Opposition to Police Privatization 150

Profit Motivations, Ethics, and Accountability 151

Use of Force, Violations of Human Rights, and Social Control 152

Quality and Costs of Services 152

Legality 153

Looking Forward 154

12.Police Strikes and Blue Flu 157

Early History of Police Strikes 158

Modern History of Police Strikes 159

The Legality of Police Strikes 161

Pro: Arguments in Favor of the Right of Police to Strike 162

Citizen Opinion 163

Con: Arguments Against Police Strikes 164

Collective Bargaining and Binding Arbitration 164

Community Support 166

Altering Enforcement Strategies 166

13.Profiling 171

The Rise of Sundown Towns 173

The White Supremacy-Racial Profiling Nexus 175

Social Consequences 175

“Out-of-Place” Policing 176

Traffic Encounters 176

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Profiling Research 177

Con: Research on Racial Profiling Is Insufficient 178

14.Riot and Demonstration Responses 183

Overview of Riots and Demonstrations 184

Demonstrations and Protests 184

Police Riots 185

The Social Underpinnings of Demonstrations and Riots 187

Examples of Policing Demonstrations 188

Social and Political Demonstrations and Clashes 189

Calls for Reform 190

Practices of Policing Demonstrations 191

Containing Space 192

Riot Control Measures 191

Recent Transformations 192

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Policing Demonstrations 193

Con: Arguments Against Policing Demonstrations 195

15.Use of Deadly Force 199

The History of Policy Governing Use of Deadly Force 200

From Fleeing Felon to Defense of Life Rule 200

The Force Continuum 201

Frequency of Deadly Force 203

Studies Show Use of Deadly Force Is Rare 204

Determinants of Deadly Force: Four Perspectives 205

Situational Explanations 206

Officer Behavior 206

Organizational Explanations 207

It’s the Neighborhood 207

Pro: Arguments Supporting the Use of Deadly Force 207

Con: Arguments Against the Use of Deadly Force 208

16.Vehicle Searches 213

History of Vehicle Searches 214

Search Tools Available to the Police 215

Incident to Arrest 217

Arizona v.Gant 218

Vehicle Searches and the War on Drugs 219

Whren v.United States 220

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Gant’s Search Limits 221

Con: Arguments Against Gant’s Search Limits 222

Conclusion 223

17.Vehicular Police Pursuits 225

Brief History of Police Pursuits 226

Legal Challenges to Pursuits 226

Significant Cases Shaping Emergency Vehicle Operation 227

Owing Duty and Safe Operation 228

Conditions Acceptable for Pursuit 230

Pursuit Scholarship 231

Pursuit Management Task Force Study 231

International Association of Chiefs of Police Report 233

Pursuit Policy Development 234

Three Policy Scenarios 234

Public Relations and Communication 235

Pro: Arguments in Support of Vehicular Police Pursuits 236

Con: Arguments Opposing Vehicular Police Pursuit 236

18.Vigilantes 239

Vigilante Beginnings 240

Modern Vigilante Groups 240

Vigilante Precursors: Kin-Based Order and Early Justice 241

Historical Vigilantism in the United States 243

Vigilantes in the 1800s 244

Justice, Southern Style 246

Contemporary Vigilante Movements and Impulses 247

Internet And Cyber Vigilantes 248

Media and Entrapment Controversies 249

Vigilantes in Popular Media 250

Western Films and the Golden Age of Television 251

Vigilantes in Contemporary Entertainment 252

Pro: Support for Vigilantism 252

Con: Opposition to Vigilantism 253

19.Warrants 255

The History of Warrants 257

The Legality of Warrants 258

When a Warrant Is Not Necessary 259

The Plain View Doctrine 260

Warrant Requirement Exemption for Vehicles 261

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Warrants 263

Con: Arguments Against Requiring a Warrant 264

20.Zero-Tolerance Policing 269

Definition and Varieties 270

Origin and History 271

Broken Windows and Hot Spots 271

Origins in the War on Drugs 272

Theoretical Grounding 273

Purpose and Outcomes 274

Practices and Institutional Settings 274

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Zero-Tolerance Policing 275

Con: Arguments Against Zero-Tolerance Policing 276

Discriminatory Practices 277

Index 281

About the General Editor 320