RECOGNITION%AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS A GLOBAL COMMENTARY ON THE NEW YORK CONVENTIPDF电子书下载

Introduction The New York Convention Fifty Years on： Overview and Assessment&Herbert Kronke 1

Article Ⅰ&Hans Bagner 19

Article Ⅱ&Dorothee Schramm， Elliott Geisinger， Philippe Pinsolle 37

Article Ⅲ&Andreas Borner 115

Article Ⅳ&Dirk Otto 143

Article Ⅴ（1）（a）&Patricia Nacimiento 205

Article Ⅴ（1）（b）&Andres Jana， Angie Armer， Johanna Klein Kranenberg 231

Article Ⅴ（1）（c）&Nicola Christine Port， Scott Ethan Bowers， Bethany Davis Noll 257

Article Ⅴ（1）（d）Patricia Nacimiento 281

Article Ⅴ（1）（e）&Nadia Darwazeh 301

Article Ⅴ（2）&Dirk Otto， Omaia Elwan 345

Article Ⅵ&Nicola Christine Port， Jessica R.Simonoff， Scott Ethan Bowers 415

Article Ⅶ&Dirk Otto 443

Article Ⅷ&Dirk Otto 475

Article Ⅸ&Ximena Fuentes 479

Article Ⅹ&Ximena Fuentes 483

Article Ⅺ&Dirk Otto 493

Article Ⅻ&Dirk Otto 497

Article ⅩⅢ&Nicola Christine Port， David Fuhr， Jessica R.Simonoff 531

Article ⅩⅣ&Patricia Nacimiento 541

Article ⅩⅤ&Patricia Nacimiento 551

Article ⅩⅥ &Dorothee Schramm， Elliott Geisinger， Philippe Pinsolle 555

Appendix1 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards （New York Convention， 1958） 559

Appendix2 Recommendation Regarding the Interpretation of Article Ⅱ， Paragraph 2， and Article Ⅶ， Paragraph 1， of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards， 565

Appendix3 Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards （Geneva Convention， 1927） 569

Appendix4 Protocol on Arbitration Clauses （Geneva Protocol， 1923） 573

References 577

Index 603

Introduction The New York Convention Fifty Years on： Overview and Assessment Herbert Kronke 1

Ⅰ.The New York Convention and Transnational Commercial Law in Perspective 1

Ⅱ.Reservations 6

Ⅲ.Recognition and Enforcement 7

Ⅳ.Judicial Review of Arbitral Awards 8

Ⅴ.The Core Decision： Checks on Procedure 11

Ⅵ.Relationship Between Different Regimes： The “More Favorable Rights” Principle 11

Ⅶ.Asset Spotting and Forum Shopping 13

Ⅷ.Formalities and Refusal of Recognition and Enforcement： The State of Things and a Look toward the Future 17

Article Ⅰ &Hans Bagner 19

Ⅰ.Introduction to Article I of the New York Convention 20

A.Overview 20

Ⅱ.Article I（1）： Scope of Application 21

A.The Territorial Criterion： “Awards Made in the Territoty of [Another] State” 21

1. Hiscox v.Outhwaite （England， 1991） 22

2. The Titan Case （Sweden， 2005） 23

B.Non-domestic Awards 24

C.“Arising Out of Differences between Persons， Whether Physical or Legal” 26

1. Public Entities as Legal “Persons” 26

2. State Immunity 27

（a） Societe Europeenne d’Etudes et d’Entreprises （S.E.E.E.） v.Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 27

（b） Union of India v.Lief Hoegh & Co. 28

（c） Immunity Defense Addressed by the Greek Courts 29

D.Permanent Arbitral Tribunal： Article Ⅰ（2） 29

Ⅲ.Reservations under Article Ⅰ（3） 32

A.The First Reservation： Reciprocity 32

B.The Second Reservation： Commercial Reservation 32

1. Courts’ Interpretation of the Term “Commercial” 33

Ⅳ.“One Country， Two Legal Systems”： Enforcement of Foreign Awards in Mainland China and Hong Kong 36

Ⅴ.Conclusion 36

Article Ⅱ &Dorothee Schramm， Elliott Geisinger， Philippe Pinsolle 37

Ⅰ.Introduction to Article Ⅱ 38

A.Overview of Article Ⅱ 38

B.Legislative History and Recent Developments 39

C.Scope of Application of Article Ⅱ 41

1. As Regards the Seat of the Arbitration 41

2. Potentially Relevant Fact Situations 43

D.Does the New York Convention Leave any Room at all for National Legislation？ 44

E.Relationship between Article Ⅱ and National Law 46

Ⅱ.Article Ⅱ（1） 49

A.General 49

B.Requirements of a Valid Arbitration Agreement 49

C.Necessary Content of the Arbitration Agreement 50

D.Substance of the Arbitration Agreement 51

1. Law Applicable to the Substance of the Arbitration Agreement 54

2. nterpretation and Validity of Pathological Arbitration Clauses 57

3. Substantive Validity of Arbitration Agreements by Reference 62

4. Extension of the Arbitration Agreement to Non-signatories 62

E.Arbitrability of the Subject-Matter 69

Ⅲ.Article Ⅱ（2） 73

A.General 73

B.Interpretation of Article Ⅱ（2） Under UNCITRAL’s Recommendation and Article 7 of the UNCITRAL Model Law 2006 75

C.Arbitration Agreement Signed by the Parties 80

D.Arbitration Agreement by Exchange of Documents 80

1. The Object of the Exchange： Exchange of Writings 81

2. Means of Exchange： Use of Modern Communication 83

E.Arbitration Agreements Evidenced by a Text without Signature or Exchange of Documents 85

F.Requirements as to Form in Case of Arbitration Agreement by Reference 87

G.Extension of the Arbitration Agreement to Non-signatories 93

H.Scope of the “in Writing” Requirement in Cases of Agency 94

Ⅳ.Article Ⅱ（3） 95

A.General 95

B.The “Competence-Competence” Principle Under National Law 95

1. Competence-Competence under French Law 96

2. Competence-Competence under Swiss Law 97

3. Competence-Competence under German Law 99

C.Referral to Arbitration under Article Ⅱ（3） 100

1. Scope of Application of Article Ⅱ（3） 100

2. Requirements of Article Ⅱ（3） 102

3. Agreements that Are “Null and Void， Inoperative or Incapable of Being Performed” 103

4. Scope of Review by the National Courts 109

5. Procedural Consequences of Article Ⅱ（3） 110

Article Ⅲ &Andreas Borner 115

Ⅰ.Introduction 116

Ⅱ.Legislative History 118

Ⅲ.Content 120

A.Procedural Issues that Arise with Recognition （or Petitions for Exequatur or for Leave for Enforcement） 121

1.Types of Proceedings， Where to Bring Them， and Other Restrictions that May Be Applied to Enforcement Proceedings 121

（a） Type of Proceedings 121

（b） International Competence and Links to the Enforcing Country 123

（c） Immunity under International Law 126

（d） Security for Court Fees and Costs as a Condition to Commence Recognition （such as Exequatur） Proceedings 127

（e） Time Limits， Limitation Period 127

（f） Remedies 128

2.Changes to the Award to Enhance Its Enforceability 129

（a） Specification of Currency， Tax， or Interest 129

（b） Non-monetary Claims 130

（c） Succession and Assignment 130

3.Changes to the Award Because of Subsequent Events， in Particular Set-off 131

B.Exclusivity of Recognition and Enforcement Proceedings 133

1.Judgments Concerning Negative Declarations 133

2.Recognition of a Foreign Judgment Concerning the Arbitral Award 135

3.Award Creditor Seeking a Court Judgment Based on the Merits， Relying on the Arbitral Award Only by Way of Evidence 135

4.Other Types of Judgments 136

C.Procedural Issues Particular to Enforcement Proceedings 136

1.Provisional Enforcement 136

2.Immunity for Certain Assets 137

3.Enforcement by Way of Attaching a Claim （Garnishee Orders） 138

D.Anti-Challenge Injunctions 138

Ⅳ.Proposals for the Future 140

Article Ⅳ &Dirk Otto 143

Ⅰ.Purpose and Legislative History of the Provision 145

A.Comparable Provision in the Old Geneva Convention 145

B.Deliberations of the New York Conference 146

C.Final Provision 148

Ⅱ.Scope of Application 149

A.General 149

B.Difference between Recognition and Enforcement 149

Ⅲ.Formal Requirements 151

A.Submission of the Award 151

1. Written Form 152

2. Names of the Parties 152

3. Signatures of Arbitrators 153

4. Other Requirements Regarding the Award 155

5. Interim and Partial Awards， Interim Measures 155

6. Other Types of Arbitral Decisions 158

B.Submission of Arbitration Agreement 159

1. Material Validity of the Arbitration Agreement 163

2. Material Validity of the Award 168

3. What if No Written Agreement Can Be Provided 168

（a） Earlier Court Decision Referred Parties to Arbitration 168

（b） Arbitration Agreed to in Court Proceedings 170

（c） Participation in Arbitration Proceedings Without Objections 171

（d） Other Cases 174

4. Impact of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts 174

C.Authentication and Certification 177

1. Authentication 177

2. Law Governing Authentication 178

3. Certification 179

D.When Is “Authentication” or “Certification” Required 179

E.Who can Authenticate/Certify？ 183

1. Public Authority 184

2. Arbitration Institution or Other Person 184

3. Right of Parties to Contractually Modify Requirements？ 186

F.Early Preparation for Enforcement of Award 187

G.Article Ⅳ Supersedes Domestic Law 187

1. No Other Requirements for Applicant Intended by Convention 188

2. Award Need Not Be Declared Enforceable in Country of Origin 188

3. Additional Requirements Imposed by Certain National Laws 189

（a） Indonesia 190

（b） India， Bangladesh 190

（c） Bulgaria 191

（d） Malaysia 192

4.Enforcement and “Merger of Award” 192

Ⅳ.Translation of Award and/or Arbitration Agreement 193

A.Purpose of Clause and Comparison to Geneva Convention 193

B.Certified Translation 194

1. Does Article Ⅳ（2） Give the Enforcing Judge Discretion to Waive Translation？ 194

2. Time for Compliance with Formality 195

3. What Is To Be Certified？ 195

4. Certified Translation According to the Lex Fori？ 196

Ⅴ.Changes of Parties and Assignment of Award？ 197

A.Change of Parties before Arbitration Award is Rendered 197

1. Assignment of an Arbitration Contract 197

2. Assignment of Claims under an Award 198

B.Impact on Enforcement Proceedings 199

Ⅵ.Set-off/Counterclaim as a Defense？ 200

A.Counterclaim Finally Adjudicated by Court 200

B.Counterclaim Adjudicated by Arbitration 201

C.Counterclaim Unadjudicated 201

Ⅶ.Outlook 202

Article Ⅴ（1）（a） &Patricia Nacimiento 205

Ⅰ.General 206

A.Overview Article Ⅴ 206

B.Court Discretion 207

C.Exhaustive List of Grounds 209

D.Burden of Pleading and Burden of Proof 210

E.Preclusion 211

F.Res Judicata 215

G.Waiver 216

Ⅱ.Article Ⅴ（1）（a） 216

A.Legislative History 216

B.Incapacity of a Party 218

1. Content 218

2. Scope of Application 218

3. Applicable Law 219

4. Government Entities and State-Owned Companies 220

C.Invalidity of Arbitration Agreement 221

1. Scope of Application 221

2. Power of Final Decision of State Courts 222

3. Applicable Law 224

（a） The Parties’ Choice of Law 224

（b） Applicable Law in the Absence of a Choice of Law 225

（c） Formal Validity of the Arbitration Agreement 226

（d） Material Validity of the Arbitration Agreement 227

Article Ⅴ（1）（b）&Andres Jana， Angie Armer， Johanna Klein Kranenberg 231

Ⅰ.Introduction 232

Ⅱ.Due Process Exception as Related to Public Policy Exception 234

A.Due Process and Public Policy Exceptions Often Considered Jointly Despite Differing Burdens of Proof 234

B.Invocation of Either the Due Process or Public Policy Exception Does Not Preclude Invocation of the Other 237

Ⅲ.Law Applicable to Due Process Exception： Seat of Arbitration and Enforcing State Both Considered Relevant 237

Ⅳ.Proper Notice under Article Ⅴ（1）（B） 241

A.Meaning of “Proper Notice” 241

B.Parties May Be Notified in Accordance with Contractual Provisions in Most Cases 242

C.Time Limits for Notice 244

D.Party Objecting to Enforcement Must Prove Lack of Notice 245

Ⅴ.Party Facing Enforcement Must Have Had an Opportunity To Present a Case 246

A.To Present a Case， Party Must Have Opportunity To Reply to Allegations and Evidence of Other Side 246

B.An Arbitral Tribunal Need Not Consider All Evidence a Party Wishes to Present 248

C.Language of the Proceedings Need Not Be That of the Parties 251

D.Party Must Have Been Prejudiced by Lack of Opportunity to Present Case 252

E.Active Participation in the Arbitration Waives Due Process Objection 253

Ⅵ.Due Process Exception Does Not Operate To End Party Autonomy by Imposing Specific Procedural Requirements 256

Article Ⅴ（1）（c） &Nicola Christine Port， Scott Ethan Bowers， Bethany Davis Noll 257

Ⅰ.Introduction 258

A.Overview 258

B.General Principles 259

C.Application of Ⅴ（1）（c） Defense 259

D.Narrow Construction and Presumption That Arbitrators Acted Within Scope of Authority 260

E.Relation to Other Defenses Under Local Law 262

F.Legislative History 264

Ⅱ.The Arbitration Agreement and the Arbitrator’s Mandate 265

Ⅲ.Scope of the Arbitrator’s Authority 266

A.Time Calculations 266

B.Consolidation of Arbitrations 267

C.Decisions Made Nunc pro Tunc 267

D.Decisions to Disregard a Substantive Contractual Provision 268

E.Ultra Petita 268

F.Death of the Arbitrator 271

G.Extraneous or Outside Evidence 271

Ⅳ.Tribunal’s Choice of Substantive Law 272

A.Particular Legal Theort Chosen by the Tribunal 272

B.Particular Body of Substantive Law Chosen by Tribunal 272

Ⅴ.Kompetenz-Kompetenz 273

Ⅵ.Arbitrability of Statutory Claims 275

Ⅶ.Partial Enforcement 276

A.Infra Petita 277

Ⅷ.Parties to the Contract 277

Ⅸ.Applicability of an Arbitration Clause in an Earlier Agreement to Disputes Concerning a Later Agreement 279

Article Ⅴ（1）（d） &Patricia Nacimiento 281

Ⅰ.Introduction 282

Ⅱ.Applicable Law 283

A.Party Autonomy 283

1.Limits of Party Autonomy 284

2.Direct Restrictions by National Mandatory Law？ 285

3.Form of the Choice-of-Law Provision 287

B.Law of the Country Where the Arbitration Took Place 288

Ⅲ.Composition of the Arbitral Authority and Incorrect Procedure 288

A.Composition of the Arbitral Authority 288

1.Improper Composition as a Ground to Refuse Recognition and Enforcement 288

2.Examples of Potentially Defective Tribunal Composition 290

B.Incorrect Procedure 293

C.Causality/Substantiality 298

D.Preclusion 299

Article Ⅴ（1）（e） &Nadia Darwazeh 301

Ⅰ.Introduction 302

A.An Overview of Article Ⅴ（1）（e） 303

B.Drafting History Culminating in the Adoption of Article V（1）（e） 304

1. Shortcomings of the Geneva Framework 305

2. The New York Convention Sought to Address the Geneva Framework Shortcomings 306

（a） Limitation of Available Defenses to Enforcement 306

（b） Elimination of the “Double Exequatur” Requirement 306

（c） The Enforcing Courts Have Discretion to Refuse the Enforcement of Awards 308

Ⅱ.Grounds for Refusing the Enforcement of Awards Under Article Ⅴ（1）（e） 311

A.The Award is Not “Binding” 311

1. Should the Concept of “Binding” Be Given an Autonomous Meaning？ 312

2. Should the Concept of “Binding” Be Determined According to the Law of the Country of Origin？ 313

3. The Meaning of “Binding” Differs From Country to Country 314

（a） Australia 314

（b） Belgium 314

（c） People’s Republic of China 315

（d） France 315

（e） Germany 316

（f） Italy 316

（g） Netherlands 317

（h） Sweden 317

（i） Switzerland 318

（j） United States 318

B.The Award Has Been Set Aside 319

1. Where Can an Award Be Set Aside？ 319

（a） “The Country In Which the Award Was Made” Means the Place of Arbitration 320

（b） “Under the Law of Which the Award Was Made” Refers to the Applicable Arbitration Law 321

2. The Effect of an Annulled Award on Its Enforcement Varies from Country to Country 324

（a） The Territorial Approach 326

（i） People’s Republic of China 329

（ii） Germany 329

（iii） Italy 330

（iv） Netherlands 330

（v） Sweden 331

（vi） Switzerland 331

（b） The Delocalized Approach 331

（i） France 334

（ii） United States 337

（iii） England 340

（iv） The Parties’ Agreement To Exclude Set-Aside Proceedings 341

C.The Award Has Been Suspended 342

Ⅲ.Conclusion 343

Article Ⅴ（2） &Dirk Otto， Omaia Elwan 345

Ⅰ.Purpose and Legislative Histoty of the Provision 346

A.Provisions of the Draft Convention 347

B.Provisions of the Geneva Convention 347

C.General Remarks 348

Ⅱ.Subject Matter Not Capable of Settlement by Arbitration 348

A.Choice of Law to Determine Arbitrability 349

B.Typical Situations Where Arbitrability May Be Questioned 349

1. Disputes Between a Company and Its Shareholders 349

2. Administrative Contracts 350

3. Act of State Doctrine 353

4. Agency Agreements 354

5. Bankruptcy 355

6. Mandatory Legal Requirements 355

（a） Competition and Cartel Issues 356

（1） The US Position and the Look Back Doctrine 356

（2） European Union 357

（3） Australia and New Zealand 357

（4） Other Countries 358

（5） Second Look Doctrine 358

（b） Securities Transactions 359

（c） Consumer Contracts 360

（d） Trade Sanctions and Embargoes 361

（e） Tort Claims 362

（f） Supra-National Laws 362

7. Other “Non-arbitrable” Situations 363

Ⅲ.Violation of Public Policy 365

A.Concepts of Public Policy May Change 367

B.Preclusion 368

C.Applicable Law 369

D.Examples and Case Law Relating to Public Policy 369

1. Impartiality of the Arbitrator as a Violation of Public Policy 369

2. Allegations of Bribery or Illegality as a Violation of Public Policy 372

3. Fraud as a Violation of Public Policy 374

4. Award Without Reasons as a Violation of Public Policy 375

5. Violation of Time Limits as a Violation of Public Policy 377

6. Violation of Laws as a Violation of Public Policy 378

（a） Bankruptcy Laws 378

（b） Competition Laws 382

（c） Consumer Protection Laws 384

（d） Exchange Control Restrictions 384

（e） Export/Import Restrictions and Other Government Restrictions 386

7. Lack of Due Process as a Violation of Public Policy 387

（a） Right to Be Heard 387

（b） Violation of Procedural Laws 389

（c） Islamic Legal Principles 390

（d） Opportunity to Present Evidence 390

8. Other Examples （A to Z） 391

（a） Violation of Public Policy Affirmed 391

（b） No Violation of Public Policy 394

E.Waiver and Estoppel 406

F.Impact of Arbitration Award or Judgment of a Court at Place of Arbitration on Defenses Under Article Ⅴ 410

Ⅳ.Remedy： Refusal of Enforcement 410

Ⅴ.Is Partial Recognition and Enforcement Possible？ 413

Article Ⅵ &Nicola Christine Port， Jessica R.Simonoff， Scott Ethan Bowers 415

Ⅰ. Introduction 416

Ⅱ.Legislative History 417

Ⅲ.Application of Article Ⅵ： Adjournment Applications 419

A.Overview 419

B.Single Factor Approach： Using Probability of Success as a Threshold for Granting Adjournment Applications 421

1. Australia 422

2. Belgium 423

3. Hong Kong 423

C.Multi-Factor Approach to Adjournment Applications 424

1. Canada 425

2. Cayman Islands 427

3. England 427

4. Germany 429

5. Netherlands 429

6. Sweden 430

7. United States of America 430

D.Refusal to Grant Adjournment Applications 433

1. France 433

Ⅳ.Application of Article Ⅵ： Security 434

A.Overview 434

B.Case Law 436

1. United States of America 436

（a） Form of Security 437

（b） Amount of Security 437

（c） Waiver of Sovereign Immunity 437

2. Canada 438

3. England 439

4. Hong Kong 440

5. Australia 441

6. Cayman Islands 441

Article Ⅶ &Dirk Otto 443

Ⅰ.Purpose and History 444

A.Corresponding Provision of Geneva Convention 444

B.Modification to the Original Proposal 445

Ⅱ.Significance and Meaning of Subsection 1 446

A.Other Treaties 446

1. Important Arbitration Conventions 446

2. The Convention’s Relationship to Other Treaties 446

B.More Favorable Laws 448

1. Use of “More Favorable Laws” 448

2. Critical Analysis 450

3. “More Favorable Rights” Provision May Only Be Used to Ease Enforcement 452

Ⅲ.Replacement of the Geneva Convention and Protocol 452

A.History of Subsection 2 453

B.Current Status of the Geneva Convention 454

1. Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards 454

2. Protocol on Arbitration Clauses 460

C.Current Status 468

1. Myanmar 469

2. British Dependencies and Overseas Territories 469

3.Former British Dependencies 470

4.New Zealand Territories and Former Territories 472

Article Ⅷ &Dirk Otto 475

Ⅰ.Purpose and History 475

A.Subsection 1： Who May Join 476

B.Technique of Ratification 477

Ⅱ.Practical Significance 478

Article Ⅸ &Ximena Fuentes 479

L.Purpose and History 479

Ⅱ.Current State Parties to the Convention 480

Ⅲ.Alternatives to Accession for Special Administrative Regions within the Territory of a Contracting State 482

Article Ⅹ &Ximena Fuentes 483

Ⅰ.Introduction 484

Ⅱ.Historical Development of Article Ⅹ 484

Ⅲ.Declarations Concerning Territorial Scope of Application According to the UN Treaty Series 487

Ⅳ.Action Taken by Former Dependent Territories with Regard to the NY Convention 490

Article Ⅺ &Dirk Otto 493

Ⅰ.History 494

Ⅱ.Impact of Article Ⅺ 495

Article Ⅻ &Dirk Otto 497

Ⅰ.Purpose and History 498

Ⅱ.Deposit of Instruments of Ratification/Accession 498

A.Domestic Application of the Convention 498

B.Evidence Requirements 499

Ⅲ.Retroactive Effect of Convention 501

A.Award Made in a Country Before Convention Entered into Force for that Country 502

B.Award Made Before the Enforcing State Became Party to the Convention 504

C.Arbitration Agreements Signed Before Convention’s Entry into Force 505

D.Status of the Convention 507

Article ⅩⅢ &Nicola Christine Port， David Fuhr， Jessica R.Simonoff 531

Ⅰ.Introduction 532

Ⅱ.Purpose of ArticleⅩⅢ 532

Ⅲ.Denunciation of Treaties Generally 533

Ⅳ.Why Have States Refrained from Denouncing the Convention？ 534

A.Public Policy Exception to Award Enforcement 535

B.Reservations to Convention Provisions 535

C.No Sanctions for Refusal to Enforce Awards 538

Article ⅩⅣ &Patricia Nacimiento 541

Ⅰ.Introduction 541

A.Overview： Reciprocity Clauses in International Context 541

B.Legislative History 542

Ⅱ.Content 544

A.Significance of Article ⅩⅣ 544

B.Relationship between Article ⅩⅣ and Article I（3） 545

Article ⅩV &Patricia Nacimiento 551

Ⅰ.General/Introduction 552

Ⅱ.Content of Article ⅩV 552

Ⅲ.List of Declarations of Subscribing States 553

Article ⅩⅥ &Dorothee Schramm， Elliott Geisinger， Philippe Pinsolle 555

Ⅰ.Overview of Article ⅩⅥ 555

Ⅱ.Authentic Languages and Interpretation of the New York Convention 556

Appendix 1 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards （New York Convention， 1958） 559

Appendix 2 Recommendation Regarding the Interpretation of Article Ⅱ， Paragraph 2， and Article Ⅶ， Paragraph 1， of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards， 565

Appendix 3 Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards （Geneva Convention， 1927） 569

Appendix 4 Protocol on Arbitration Clauses （Geneva Protocol， 1923） 573

References 577

Index 603