Practical Crime Scene Analysis and ReconstructionPDF电子书下载

1 An Introduction and History of Crime Scene Analysis 1

Introduction 1

Distinguishing Crime Scene Analysis from Crime Scene Processing 2

Distinguishing Crime Scene Analysis from Behavioral Profiling 2

Pioneers in Crime Scene Analysis: A History of the Discipline 4

The Future 8

Summary 9

References 9

2 Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Implementing Crime Scene Analysis 11

Introduction 11

Who Qualifies as a Crime Scene Analyst? 12

Fundamental Beliefs for Crime Scene Analysis 14

Theory and Applicable Principles for Crime Scene Analysis 14

Correlating Crime Scene Analysis with Archaeology 15

Principles of CSR 16

The Role of Scientific Method 18

Defining the Questions to Answer Using Scientific Method 20

Defining Additional Investigative Questions 28

When Is Crime Scene Analysis Employed? 29

Informal (Ad Hoc) Crime Scene Analysis 29

Summary 36

References 36

3 Event Analysis: A Practical Methodology for Crime Scene Reconstruction 37

Introduction 37

The Event Analysis Process 41

Summary 71

Reference 72

4 Resolving Significant Investigative Questions in CSR 73

Introduction 73

Using the Event Analysis Worksheet 78

Event Analysis Worksheet Explained 78

Statement Analysis Using the Worksheets 86

References 92

5 Understanding Crime Scene Protocols and Their Effect on Reconstruction 93

Introduction 93

The Importance of the Crime Scene Investigator 93

Role of the Initial Responding Officer 96

Incorporating the Basic Crime Scene Activities into a Crime Scene Protocol 97

Assessing 97

Observing 98

Documenting 99

Searching 102

Collection 104

On-Scene Analysis 105

Summary 105

References 106

6 Applying Bloodstain Pattern Analysis to Crime Scene Reconstruction 107

Introduction 107

A Background of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 108

Impact Angle and Directionality 109

Impact Angle 109

Directionality 110

Bloodstain Classification 113

The Spatter Group 114

Spurt 114

Cast-Off 114

Drip Trail 116

Impact Pattern 117

Expectorate Pattern 118

Drip 119

The Nonspatter Group 120

Blood-into-Blood 120

Gush 122

Smear 123

Pattern Transfer 124

Pool 125

Saturation 125

Flow 126

Complex Patterns 126

Altered Stains 127

Area of Origin Evaluations 127

Summary 129

References 130

7 Shooting Scene Processing and Reconstruction&Matthew Noedel 131

Introduction 131

Understanding Ammunition 131

Cartridges 131

The Primer 131

The Propellant 132

The Projectile 133

The Cartridge Case 133

Shotshells 134

Caliber 135

Reconstruction Potential Associated with Cartridges 135

Understanding Firearms 136

Chamber 136

Barrel 137

Trigger 137

Firing Pin/Striker 138

Firearm Safeties 139

Firearm Caliber 139

Reconstruction Potential Associated with Firearms 139

Accidental versus Unintentional Discharge 140

Handling Firearms at a Scene 140

Unloading Firearms 141

Semiautomatic Firearms 141

Revolvers 142

Fired Cartridge Cases 143

Ejection Patterns 143

Fired Bullets 145

Recovering Fired Components 145

Perforation versus Penetration 146

Shotgun Pattern Evaluation and Reconstruction 146

Recording Impacts and Ricochets 149

Evaluating Bullet Impact through Glass 150

Bullet Ricochet 152

Bullet Impact Evaluation 155

Field Tests for Copper: Dithiooxamide (DTO) and 2-Nitroso-1-Naphthol (2-NN) 155

Field Test for Lead: Sodium Rhodizonate (NaRho) 156

Reconstructing a Fired Bullet Trajectory 157

Trajectory Measurement Technique 158

Horizontal Angle 158

Vertical Angle 159

Using a Laser to Define Trajectory 160

Photographing Laser Trajectories 162

Shots into Vehicles 162

Establishing a Baseline for Vehicles 163

Using a 360-Degree Scale for Vehicles 163

Recording Trajectory Angles 164

Reporting Measured Trajectory Angles 165

Horizontal Angles 166

Vertical Angles 166

Gunshot Residue Examination 167

Muzzle Effluent 167

Primer Residue 169

Processing Shooting Scenes 169

Summary 173

Chapter Author 174

8 The Forensic Pathologist, the Body, and Crime Scene Reconstruction&Scott A. Wagner, MD 175

Introduction 175

Theory and Approach to Death Scene Investigation 175

Homicides 176

Five Basic Questions Posed by the Death Investigation 177

Forming Preliminary Opinions: Be Suspicious but Objective 177

Detailed Questions to Be Considered at the Scene: 178

The Body and the Death Scene 178

Examination of the Body at the Scene 180

Photographic Documentation of the Scene and the Body 180

Position of the Body at the Scene 181

Blood at the Scene 182

Vomitus 182

Physical Examination of the Body at the Scene 183

Scene Assessment 183

The Body, the Four Signs of Death, and the Time of Death 183

Eyes 187

Clothing 187

Determining Time of Death by Scene Investigation 188

Forensic Entomology and Time of Death 188

Forensic Botany and Time of Death 189

Decomposition 189

Changes in the Body during Decomposition 189

Other Decompositional Changes 189

Identification Methods 190

Collection of Evidence at the Scene 190

Visual Identification 191

Other Visual Methods of Identification 191

"Softer" Forms of Identification 191

Scientific Forms of Identification 192

The Medical-Legal Autopsy 193

Phases of the Medical-Legal Autopsy 194

Jurisdiction and Permission for Autopsies 195

Misconceptions of the Autopsy 195

Traumatic Injuries 195

Blunt Force Injuries versus Sharp Force Injuries: The Importance of Terminology 195

Blunt Force Injuries 196

Features of Blunt Force Injuries 196

Sharp Force Injuries 206

Firearms and Gunshot Wounds 210

Gunshot wounds 213

Exit Wounds 216

Strangulation 221

The Autopsy Report 222

Reconstruction of a Bullet Trajectory 223

Conclusion 223

References and Suggested Reading 224

Chapter Author 224

9 Writing Crime Scene Reconstruction Reports 225

Introduction 225

Essential Report Elements 226

Statement of Purpose 226

References 227

Body of the Report 227

Body of the Report: Outline Format 228

Body of the Report: Narrative Format 230

Flow Chart 234

Summary 235

10 Arguments and Ethics 237

Deductive and Inductive Arguments 237

The Role of Logic in Crime Scene Analysis 242

Informal Fallacies Encountered in Analysis 242

An Ethical Approach to Crime Scene Analysis 244

Summary 247

References 247

11 Developing and Using Demonstrative Exhibits in Support of the Crime Scene Analysis&Iris Dalley 249

Collection of Data 249

Videography 249

Photography 250

Measurements 255

Analysis of Data 256

Image Editing 256

Sketching and Mapping 258

Two-Dimensional 259

Presentation 265

Courtroom Testimony 268

Courtroom Admissibility Issues 268

References 271

Chapter Author 271

Index 273