INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW PROBLEMSPDF电子书下载

1 The Law of International Trade and the Multilateral Trading System 1

Ⅰ.Some Background Considerations 1

A.What Is the Law of International Trade? 1

B.Distinguishing the Law of International Business Transactions and the Law of International Trade 4

1.The Law of International Business Transactions 4

2.The Law of International Trade 5

3.Three Levels of Analysis 7

Notes and Questions 9

Problem 1-1 10

Ⅱ.International Trade Flows 10

Problem 1-2 11

A.Trade in Goods 12

B.Services Trade 12

C.Foreign Direct Investment 17

D.Technology Trade 17

Notes and Questions 18

Problem 1-3 19

Ⅲ.The Principal Global Economic nstitutions 20

A.The World Bank 21

Notes and Questions 22

B.The International Monetary Fund 22

Notes and Questions 23

Problem 1-4 24

C.The World Trade Organization （WI'O） 24

Mitsuo Matsushita, Thomas J.Schoenbaum, and Petros C.Mavroidis, The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice and Policy 25

Notes and Questions 27

Ⅳ.The Case for Free Trade: A Brief Look at International Economics 29

A.Arguments in Favor of Free Trade 29

Problem 1-5 29

Douglas Irwin, Free Trade Under Fire （2004） 30

Notes and Questions 41

B.United States-China Economic Relations 44

Problem 1-6 44

1.The Growing U.S.Trade Deficit with China 44

2.Currency Valuation Issues and “Hoarding” by China 45

3.Risks Created by the Trade Deficit with China 46

Notes and Questions 48

Ⅴ.Negotiating Trade Concessions 50

The Doha Development Agenda of 2001 51

Notes and Questions 52

Ⅵ.Dispute Settlement 52

A.General Considerations 52

Notes and Questions 54

Notes on Implementation and Remedies 56

United States—Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline 58

Problem 1-7 59

Problem 1-8 60

B.Trade Remedies 60

C.Nullification or Impairment 61

Problem 1-9 62

United States—Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Imported Substances 62

Problem 1-10 64

EEC—Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of Oilseeds and Related Animal-Feed Proteins 64

Japan—Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper 66

Notes and Questions 70

D.Burden of Proof 71

Canada—Measures Affecting the Importation of Milk and the Exportation of Dairy Products 72

Notes and Questions 77

E.Principles of Interpretation and Status of Adopted Reports 78

Problem 1-11 78

Japan —Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages 78

Notes and Questions 81

F.Trade Retaliation Under National Laws 82

Problem 1-12 82

Mitsuo Matsushita, Thomas J.Schoenbaum, and Petros C.Mavroidis, The World Trade Organization: Law,Practice and Policy 83

Notes and Questions 86

United States—Sections 301-310 of the Trade Act of 1974 86

Notes and Questions 90

Ⅶ.Preferential Trade Agreements 90

A.Introduction 90

Problem 1-13 94

Problem 1-14 94

B.The North American Free Trade Agreement: An Overview 95

Problem 1-15 97

Note on Labor and Environmental Standards in Preferential Trade Agreements 97

Note on Worker Productivity 98

2 The Implementation of International Trade Obligations in the Domestic Legal Order 101

Ⅰ.Introduction 101

Ⅱ.Domestic Implementation of International Trade Obligations 102

A.The United States 103

1.The Executive Branch 103

2.The Legislative Branch 107

3.The Judicial Branch 107

4.State and Local Government 107

5.Problems in the Allocation of Power over Trade 107

a.Negotiating a Trade Agreement 107

b.Treaty versus Executive Agreement 108

United States Department of State, Foreign Affairs Manual Circular No.175 （2d ed.1985） 109

Notes and Questions 109

c.Presidential Power over International Trade 109

Problem 2-1 110

United States v.Capps, Inc 110

Dames ? Moore v.Regan 113

Notes and Questions 118

d.The Clash Between State and Federal Power 118

Problem 2-2 118

Problem 2-3 119

Crosby v.National Foreign Trade Council 119

Notes and Questions 122

Problem 2-4 123

B.The European Union 124

Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 127

Problem 2-5 133

Ⅲ.The Effect of Ⅲnternational Trade Agreements on Domestic Law and Resolving Conflicts Between International and Domestic Law 133

A.The United States 133

Problem 2-6 134

Problem 2-7 134

The Uruguay Round Agreements Act （1994） 134

Notes and Questions 137

Problem 2-8 138

B.The European Union 138

Portuguese Republic v.Council 139

Notes and Questions 141

3 The Core Principles of the WTO: Most Favored Nation and National Treatment 143

Ⅰ.Introduction 143

Ⅱ.The Most Favored Nation Principle 144

Problem 3-1 145

Problem 3-2 146

Problem 3-3 146

Problem 3-4 146

A.Scope of the MFN Obligations 147

Problem 3-5 147

Problem 3-6 147

Belgian Family Allowances （Allocations Familiales） 147

Notes and Questions 149

B.The “Like Product” Issue 150

Treatment of Germany of Imports of Sardines 150

Notes and Questions 153

Problem 3-7 153

C.De Facto Discrimination 153

Canada —Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry 153

Notes and Questions 157

D.Exceptions to MFN Obligations 158

Ⅲ.National Treatment 159

Problem 3-8 160

Notes and Questions 161

A.Internal Taxes and Charges 161

Japan —Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages 161

Canada —Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals 168

Notes and Questions 176

B.Government Regulation 177

Problem 3-9 177

Italian Discrimination Against Imported Agricultural Machinery 178

Problem 3-10 182

Korea—Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef 182

Notes and Questions 190

Problem 3-11 191

C.Government Procurement 192

Norway—Procurement of Toll Collection Equipment for the City of Trondheim 193

Notes and Questions 196

4 Intellectual Property and TRIPs 199

Ⅰ.Introduction 199

A.Intellectual Property and International Trade 200

B.Intellectual Property and the WTO 202

C.TRIPs: An Overview 203

Ⅱ.Copyright 204

Phil Collins v.Imtrat Handelsgesellschaft GmbH 205

Notes and Questions 209

Ⅲ.Patents 210

A.Introduction 210

Problem 4-1 212

Notes and Questions 213

Problem 4-2 213

Problem 4-3 213

B.TRIPs and Pharmaceutical Patents 214

Problem 4-4 215

Problem 4-5 215

1.The Doha Declaration 216

DOHA WTO Ministerial Conference 2001: TRIPs and Public Health 216

Problem 4-6 217

2.The Implementation Decision 218

Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health 218

Notes and Questions 219

3.Exceptions and Discrimination 220

Problem 4-7 220

Canada—Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products 221

Notes and Questions 229

Ⅳ.Trademarks and Geographical Indications 229

A.Trademarks 229

Problem 4-8 232

Problem 4-9 233

McDonald's Corp.v.Joburgers Drive-Inn Restaurant （Pty） Ltd 234

Notes and Questions 241

Problem 4-10 241

United States —Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998 242

Notes and Questions 249

B.Geographical Indications 250

Problem 4-11 250

Problem 4-12 250

Problem 4-13 250

Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma v.Asda Stores, Ltd 251

Notes and Questions 256

Problem 4-14 257

Ⅴ.Enforcement Under TRIPs 257

A.Commercial Piracy 257

Statement of Professor Daniel Chow before the Senate Government Oversight and Management Subcommittee,April 20, 1994 260

Oral Testimony of Professor Daniel Chow before the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission,June 8, 2006 262

Note on Trade Sanctions Under U.S.Special 301 262

Notes and Questions 263

Problem 4-15 264

B.TRIPs Enforcement Obligations 264

1.General Obligations 264

Problem 4-16 264

Notes and Questions 265

2.Criminal Enforcement 265

Problem 4-17 265

Notes and Questions 265

3.Civil and Administrative Enforcement 266

Notes and Questions 267

4.Border Controls 267

a.Customs Seizure and Forfeiture 267

Notes and Questions 268

b.Section 337 Exclusion Orders 269

Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.v.International Trade Commission 270

Notes and Questions 276

5 Trade in Services and the GATS 277

Ⅰ.Introduction 277

A.GATS, TRIPs, and GATT Compared 278

Ⅱ.The Definitions of “Services” and “Modes of Supply” 278

Notes and Questions 280

Ⅲ.GATS Obligations 281

A.General Obligations 282

Problem 5-1 283

Problem 5-2 284

Problem 5-3 284

B.Obligations for Committed Sectors 284

Problem 5-4 286

Problem 5-5 286

Problem 5-6 286

Notes and Questions 286

Note on the Lists of Article Ⅱ （MFN） Exemptions 289

Ⅳ.Market Access Commitments 289

Problem 5-7 291

Format for Country Schedules of Specific Commitments 291

Sample Schedule of Commitments: Arcadia 292

Problem 5-8 292

United States—Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services 293

Notes and Questions 304

Note on Cross-Border Trucking Services Under NAFTA 306

Ⅴ.Sectoral Annexes to the GATS 307

Problem 5-9 308

Mexico—Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services 309

Notes and Questions 317

6 Foreign Direct Investment and TRIMS 319

Ⅰ.Introduction 319

Problem 6-1 319

A.FDI Within World Trade 320

Notes and Questions 326

Ⅱ.The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures （TRIMS） 326

Problem 6-2 327

Canada—Administration of the Foreign Investment 327

Review Act 327

Problem 6-3 332

Indonesia —Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry 332

Notes and Questions 341

Problem 6-4 341

Problem 6-5 341

Note on the Outlook for a General Agreement on Investment in the WTO 342

7 Trade in Goods: Customs and Tariff Law 345

Ⅰ.Introduction 345

A.Tariff Concessions 346

B.Economic and Social Policy Implications of Tariffs 347

Notes and Questions 348

Problem 7-1 349

Ⅱ.GATT Rules on Tariffs and Customs 349

Problem 7-2 349

Problem 7-3 350

Problem 7-4 350

Problem 7-5 350

Notes and Questions 350

Ⅲ.The Harmonized Tariff System 352

Problem 7-6 353

Problem 7-7 354

Notes and Questions 354

Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States 355

Ⅳ.Customs Procedures 358

Ⅴ.Product Classification 360

A.The WTO Rules 360

European Communities—Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment 360

Problem 7-8 365

European Communities—Customs Classification of Frozen Boneless Chicken Cuts 365

Notes and Questions 370

Problem 7-9 370

Canada/Japan—Tariff on Import of Spruce, Pine, Fir（SPF） Dimension Lumber 370

Spain - Tariff Treatment of Unroasted Coffee 372

Notes and Questions 373

B.The United States 373

Problem 7-10 374

Problem 7-11 374

Bausch ? Lomb, Inc.v.United States 375

Len-Ron Manufacturing Co., Inc.v.United States 378

Mead Corporation v.United States 383

Problem 7-12 387

Problem 7-13 387

Notes and Questions 388

C.The European Union 388

Council Regulation 2658/87 388

E.I.DuPont deNemours, Inc.v.Commissioners of Customs and Excise 389

Peacock AG v.Hauptzollamt Paderborn 391

Notes and Questions 393

Ⅵ.Valuation 394

A.The WTO Rules 394

Problem 7-14 394

Problem 7-15 395

B.United States Law 395

Century Importers, Inc.v.United States 395

Luigi Bormioli Corp., Inc.v.United States 398

Notes and Questions 405

Problem 7-16 405

C.European Union Law 406

Hans Sommer GmbH v.Hauptzollamt Bremen 406

Notes and Questions 407

Ⅶ.Rules of Origin 408

A.WTO Standards 408

B.United States Law 409

Problem 7-17 409

Koru North America v.United States 409

SDI Technologies, Inc.v.United States 414

Notes and Questions 418

C.European Union Law 418

Brother International GmbH v.Hauptzollamt Giessen 419

Problem 7-18 421

Ⅷ.Customs and Free Trade Areas 422

Cummins Inc.v.United States 422

Problem 7-19 426

Problem 7-20 426

Problem 7-21 426

Note on Determining Origin Under NAFTA 426

Article 401 427

NAFTA: A Guide to Customs Procedures U.S.Department of Commerce Guidelines 427

Notes and Questions 431

8 Non-Tariff Trade Barriers 433

Ⅰ.Introduction 433

Ⅱ.Quotas 433

A.Background 433

Problem 8-1 435

B.GATT Rules on Quotas 436

1.Overview 436

2.Article ⅩⅠ: The “General Elimination” Rule 438

Problem 8-2 438

Problem 8-3 438

Japan —Trade in Semi-Conductors 439

Notes and Questions 445

Problem 8-4 445

Canada—Import Restrictions on Ice Cream and Yoghurt 446

Notes and Questions 450

3.The Administration of Quotas 450

European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas 451

Notes and Questions 457

Ⅲ.Agricultural Trade 457

Problem 8-5 460

Problem 8-6 461

Chile—Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products 461

Notes and Questions 466

Ⅳ.Technical Regulations and Product Standards 466

Problem 8-7 467

Problem 8-8 467

Problem 8-9 468

Problem 8-10 468

European Communities —Trade Description of Sardines 469

Problem 8-11 480

Ⅴ.State Trading Enterprises 480

Problem 8-12 481

Canada—Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of Imported Grain 482

Notes and Questions 488

9 General Exceptions: Trade and Civil Society 489

Ⅰ.Introduction 489

Notes and Questions 491

Ⅱ.Environmental Protection 492

Problem 9-1 492

Problem 9-2 492

Problem 9-3 492

United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products 493

United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products Recourse to Article 21.5 by Malaysia 502

Notes and Questions 506

Note on Environment and Trade 507

Problem 9-4 510

Ⅲ.Protection of Human Health and Safety 510

European Communities—Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products 510

Note on the “Necessary” Requirement in GATT Article ⅩⅩ 515

Notes and Questions 517

Ⅳ.Food Safety: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 519

A.Introduction 519

Problem 9-5 520

Problem 9-6 520

European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products （Hormones Case） 521

Notes and Questions 533

Note on the EC Biotech Products Case 534

Ⅴ.Workers' Rights 535

Problem 9-7 537

Problem 9-9 537

Problem 9-9 538

Note on Human Rights and International Trade 538

10 Safeguards 539

Ⅰ.Introduction 539

Ⅱ.Safeguards Under the WTO 540

Notes and Questions 541

Problem 10-1 544

Problem 10-2 545

Problem 10-3 545

Ⅲ.Safeguards Under U.S.Law 545

Corus Group PLC v.International Trade Commission 547

Problem 10-4 552

Consumers Union of the United States, Inc.v.Kissinger 552

Notes and Questions 557

Case Study One: The U.S.Auto Safeguards of 1981 558

Problem 10-5 558

Problem 10-6 558

Report to the President on Certain Motor Vehicles and Certain Chassis and Bodies Thereof 559

The U.S.-Japan Voluntary Restraint Agreement of 1981 565

Notes and Questions 567

Case Study Two: The U.S.Steel Safeguards Case of 2002 568

Problem 10-7 568

Report Submitted by President George W.Bush to the U.S.Congress （2002） Pursuant to Section 203（B）（1） of theTrade Act of 1974, as Amended 568

Problem 10-8 571

United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Steel Products 571

Notes and Questions 581

Note on import Restrictions to Safeguard Balance of Payments 584

11 Developing Countries 587

Ⅰ.Introduction 587

A.Overview of Developing Countries 587

B.What Is a Developing Country? 589

C.The History of Developing Countries Within the GATT/WTO 590

Notes and Questions 595

Note on the Application of Safeguards and Quotas Concerning Textiles and Clothing 595

Note on Differing Views of Development 597

Problem 11-1 597

Ⅱ.The GATT and Developing Countries 598

Problem 11-2 598

Problem 11-3 598

Notes and Questions 599

Ⅲ.Developing Country Preference Systems Under the WTO 599

A.The Generalized System of Preferences for the Trade in Goods 599

1.The United States 599

Problem 11-4 600

Problem 11-5 600

19 U.S.C.§2461 600

19 U.S.C.§2462 601

19 U.S.C.§2463 601

Torrington Co.v.United States 603

Notes and Questions 608

2.The European Union 608

Problem 11-6 608

Problem 11-7 609

European Communities—Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries 609

Notes and Questions 620

B.Special and Differential Treatment Under Other WTO Agreements 620

Notes and Questions 621

Ⅳ.Agricultural Trade Subsidies 621

Problem 11-8 623

European Communities—Export Subsidies on Sugar 623

Note on U.S.—Upland Cotton 632

Postscript: The Growing Clout of Developing Countries: Implications for the Future of the WTO 636

12 Unfair Trade Remedies: Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties 639

Ⅰ.Introduction 639

Export America 641

Notes and Questions 643

Problem 12-1 644

Ⅱ.Dumping and Anti-Dumping Duties 644

A.The Economic and Political Debate 644

Michael K.Young, United States Trade Law and Policy 644

Thomas J.Schoenbaum, Market Contestability and Reform of the Antidumping Laws 645

Backgrounder, The Heritage Foundation, No.261 648

Notes and Questions 649

Problem 12-2 652

Problem 12-3 652

B.The Operation of the U.S.Anti-Dumping Laws: Procedural Aspects 652

Michael K.Young, United States Trade Law and Policy 653

Note on Appeals of Anti-Dumping Cases to Binational Panels Under NAFTA 659

C.The Calculation of Anti-Dumping Duties 660

Problem 12-4 661

Problem 12-5 661

Problem 12-6 661

Problem 12-7 661

1.How Dumping Is Determined 661

Notes and Questions 664

a.Dumping Calculations 665

Notes and Questions 668

Problem 12-8 670

D.Injury Analysis 671

Problem 12-9 671

1.Material Injury 671

Sandvik AB v.United States 672

2.Causation 676

Nucor Corporation v.United States 676

Notes and Questions 680

E.International Law Discipline on Anti-Dumping Proceedings: The WTO Antidumping Agreement 681

1.WTO Challenges to U.S.Anti-Dumping Law: Policy Issues 682

Problem 12-10 682

United States—Anti-Dumping Act of 1916 682

Notes and Questions 684

Problem 12-11 686

2.Procedural Aspects of U.S.Law Under the WTO 686

United States —Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Japan 687

Notes and Questions 692

3.Dumping Determinations 694

United States—Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews 694

Notes and Questions 700

4.The Material Injury Analysis 700

European Communities—Anti-Dumping Duties on Malleable Cast Iron Tube or Pipe Fittings from Brazil 701

Notes and Questions 709

Ⅲ.Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 710

A.Introduction 710

B.The Economic and Political Rationales for Policies Against Subsidies 712

Types of Subsidies 712

The Economic Debate over Subsidies 713

Michael K.Young, United States Trade Law and Policy 714

Problem 12-12 715

Notes and Questions 716

C.Challenging Subsidies at the WTO: The Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement 716

1.Defining Subsidies 717

2.General Framework 717

3.Agricultural Subsidies 718

4.Prohibited Subsidies 719

United States —Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations” 719

Notes and Questions 724

5.Actionable Subsidies 727

Problem 12-13 727

Indonesia —Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry 728

6.WTO Remedies for Subsidization 737

United States —Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations” 737

Notes and Questions 743

D.Countervailing Duty Procedures Under U.S.Law 744

Michael K.Young, United States Trade Law and Policy 745

Problem 12-14 748

Problem 12-15 748

Problem 12-16 748

Notes and Questions 749

E.WTO Standards for Countervailing Duty Investigations 749

United States —Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors （DRAMS） from Korea 749

Problem 12-17 757

Notes and Questions 757

Note on the Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises 758

Note on the U.S.—Canada Softwood Lumber Case 759

13 Export Controls 761

Ⅰ.WTO Export Rules 761

Note on Multilateral Export Controls 763

Ⅱ.U.S.Export Controls 763

A.Introduction 763

B.Export Controls Under the EAA and the EAR 764

1.What Is Being Exported? 766

2.Where Is the Destination of the Export? 767

3.Who Will Receive the Item? 768

4.What Use Will Be Made of the Item? 769

Notes and Questions 769

Problem 13-1 770

Problem 13-2 770

Problem 13-3 770

Problem 13-4 770

Excerpts from U.S.Export Administration Regulations 771

Export Control Classification Numbers 771

Ⅲ.U.S.-Ⅲmposed Embargoes and Trade Restrictions on Foreign Countries 774

A.Introduction 774

Problem 13-5 775

B.The Cuban Embargo 775

Empresa Cubana Del Tabaco v.Culbro Corp 776

Notes and Questions 784

C.The Helms-Burton Act 784

Organization of American States: Inter -American Juridical Committee Opinion Examining the U.S.Helms-Burton Act 786

Opinion of the Inter-American Juridical Committee in Response to Resolution AC/Doc 3375/96 of the General Assembly of the Organization Entitled “Freedom of Trade and Investment in the Hemisphere” 786

Notes and Questions 790

Problem 13-6 791

Problem 13-7 791

Problem 13-8 792

Ⅳ.Anti-Boycott Regulations 792

Problem 13-9 793

United States v.Meyer 793

Notes and Questions 796

Bibliographical Note 799

Table of Cases 809

Index 815